Effect of bio-extracts on soil properties and tea-oil camellia (Camellia oleifera) yield grown in a mountainous area of northern Thailand
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Mountainous soils are prone to a gradual decline in soil health and crop productivity, affected by unsuitable agricultural measures. To sustain hilly natural resources, simple and practical measures to improve soil physical and chemical quality, plant production, and hill tribe revenues are prerequisites. Herein, we examined three measures: 1) banana shoot bio-extract, 2) chili bio-extract, and 3) mixed banana shoot-chili bio-extracts compared to water use as a control treatment for changes in soil health, plant yield, and economic return in a remote mountainous area of northern Thailand. A 0.6 L of the bio-extracts or water was supplied weekly to the surface soil underneath each tea-oil camellia plant, a perennial plant grown for soil conservation, for two consecutive years. The results revealed that the bio-extracts were rich in N, K, and Ca, with different micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn). The chili bio-extract significantly (P <0.05) enhanced the formation of mesoaggregate fraction (0.25-2 mm, 54% of the total mass fraction) compared to the control (46% of the total mass fraction). The mixed bio-extract increased the soil pH, available P, and exchangeable Ca and Mg. The mixed bio-extract significantly promoted a higher tea-oil fresh fruit yield (3,594 kg/ha) than the control (2,662 kg/ha). The average annual revenue of the hill tribe from the mixed bio-extract application after two years was 2,478 USD/ha that is higher than the control of 1,262 USD/ha. The estimated revenue from using mixed bio-extract across the total area of the tea-oil production (589 ha) in Thailand was 1.46 million USD/year, gaining a higher profit margin of about 0.72 million USD/year than the control. This study highlights the simple and practical use of mixed plant-based extracts to improve soil physical and chemical properties and enhance tea-oil yield in the hill area.
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