Stem water potential as a drought stress indicator in Durian cv. Monthong under farmer best practice irrigation
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Durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) cv. ‘Monthong’ cultivated in Chanthaburi, Thailand, faces water management challenges from unpredictable rainfall, making sufficient water during reproductive stages essential for flower initiation, fruit set, and yield. This study evaluated plant–soil water relations and physiological responses to identify reliable drought stress indicators in Durian cv. Monthong under Farmer best practice irrigation method. Pre-dawn soil water potential (PSWP) showed a strong dependence on volumetric soil water content (Өv), with values below 0.19 m³/m³ causing sharp declines in PSWP (<–48 kPa) and visible drought symptoms. Stem water potential (STWP) was more consistent than leaf water potential (LWP), exhibiting clear thresholds of –0.66 to –0.90 MPa at 11:00 AM and –0.80 to –0.98 MPa at 1:00 PM during stop watering for flower bud initiation, which coincided with significant reductions in net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (E). In contrast, LWP values were variable and weakly correlated with soil parameters, limiting its use as a drought indicator. STWP was strongly associated with PSWP and pre-dawn volumetric soil water content (PӨv) under drought condition, while gs was highly responsive to soil moisture changes, with values below 0.06 mol H₂O/m²/s effectively signaling drought stress. These findings show that the integration of STWP, soil water indicators, and leaf gas exchange provides an effective approach for early drought detection and precise irrigation management in durian orchards.
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