Effects of Crude Glycerin Level in Total Mixed Ration on Rumen Ecology and Nitrogen Balance in Goats
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Aug 4, 2020
Keywords:
Crude glycerin rumen ecology nitrogen balance goat
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Abstract
Four male crossbred goats, with average liveweight 26 ±3.0 kg were randomly assigned according to a 4x4 Latin square design to receive four total mixed rations (TMR) containing 0, 5, 10 and 20% crude glycerin (CG), respectively. TMR was offered on ad libitum basis. Based on this experiment, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) among treatments regarding DM intake and digestion coefficients of nutrients (DM, CP, NDF, and ADF). Likewise, ruminal pH and NH3-N concentration were unchanged by dietary treatments, except for 20% of CG, NH3-N was lower (P<0.05) than for the diets 10% of CG. No differences were found on mean total ruminal VFA concentration, and molar proportion of butyrate and other VFA, except for molar proportion of acetate (C2), propionate (C3), CH4, and the ratio of C2:C3 were affected (P<0.05) by CG level. Rumen microorganism populations and N balance were similar among treatments (P>0.05). Based on this study, CG levels up to 20% in total mixed ration could be efficiently utilized for goats.
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ปิ่น จันจุฬา และ อัจฉรา เพ็งหนู. 2557. การทดแทนกากถั่วเหลืองด้วยกากเนื้อในเมล็ดปาล์มน้ำมันหมักยีสต์ในอาหารข้นต่อการย่อยได้ และความเข้มข้นของกรดไขมันระเหยได้ในกระเพาะรูเมนของแพะ. วารสารเกษตร 30(2): 181-190.
อารีย์วรรณ มีแสง ปิ่น จันจุฬา วันวิศาข์ งามผ่องใส และ อภิชาติ หล่อเพชร. 2554. ผลการใช้กากเนื้อในเมล็ดปาล์มน้ำมันในสูตรอาหารข้นต่อการย่อยได้ และนิเวศวิทยาในกระเพาะรูเมนของแพะ. วารสารเกษตร 27(1): 87-99.
Abo El-Nor, S., A. A. Abu Ghazaleh, R. B. Potu, D. Hastings and M. S. A. Khattab. 2010. Effects of different levels of glycerol on rumen fermentation and bacteria. Animal Feed Science and Technology 162:99-105.
AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analyses, 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, VA.
Avila-Stagno, J., A. V. Chaves, M. L. He, O. M. Harstad, K. A. Beauchemin, S. M. McGinn and T. A. McAllister. 2013. Effects of increasing concentrations of glycerol in concentrate diets on nutrient digestibility, methane emissions, growth, fatty acid profiles, and carcass traits of lambs. Journal of Animal Science 91:829-837.
Bremner, J. M. and D. R. Keeney. 1965. Steam distillation methods of determination of ammonium nitrate and nitrite. Analytica Chimica Acta 32: 485-493.
Church, D. C. 1979. Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminants. Vol. I. O&B Books Inc. Corvallis. Oregon.
DeFrain, J. M., A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur and P. W. Jardon. 2004. Feeding glycerol to transition dairy cows: Effects on blood metabolites and lactation performance. Journal of Dairy Science 87: 4195-4206.
Dozier, W. A., B. J. Kerr, A. Corzo, M. T. Kidd, E. Weber and K. Bregendals. 2008. Apparent metabolism energy of glycerin for broiler. Poultry Science 87: 317-322.
Farias, M. de S., R. R. Silva, F. Zawadzki, C. E. Eiras, B. S. Lima and I. N. do Prado. 2012. Glycerin level for crossed heifers supplement in pasture: intake behavior. Acta Scienciarum. Animal Sciences 34: 63-69.
Ferguson, J. D., D. T. Galligan, T. Blanchard and M. Reeves. 1993. Serum urea nitrogen and conception rate: the usefulness of test information. Journal of Dairy Science 76: 3742-3746.
Galyean, M. 1989. Laboratory Procedure in Animal Nutrition Research. New Mexico: Department of Animal and Life Science, New Mexico State University.
Gunn, P. J., M. K. Neary, R. P. Lemenager and S. L. Lake. 2010a. Effects of crude glycerin on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing wether lambs. Journal of Animal Science 88: 1771-1776.
Gunn, P. J., A. F. Schultz, M. L. Van Emon, M. K. Neary, R. P. Lemenager, C. P. Rusk and S. L. Lake. 2010b. Effects of elevated crude glycerin concentrations on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and serum metabolite and hormone concentrations in finishing ewe and wether lambs. The Professional Animal Scientist 26: 298-306.
Heldt, J. S., R. C. Cochran, C. P. Mathis, B. C. Woods, K. C. Olson, E. C. Titgemeyer, T. G. Nagaraja, E. S. Vanzant and D. E. Johnson. 1999. Effects of level and source of carbohydrates and level of degradable intake protein on intake and digestion of low-quality tallgrass-prairie hay by beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 77: 2846-2854.
Hungate, R. E. 1966. The Rumen and Its Microbe. Acadimic Press, New York. NY.
Lee, S. Y., S. M. Lee, Y. B. Cho, D. K. Kam, S. C. Lee, C. H. Kim and S. Seo. 2011. Glycerol as a feed supplement for ruminants: In vitro fermentation characteristics and methane production. Animal Feed Science and Technology 166-167: 269-274.
Linke, P. L., J. M. DeFrain, A. R. Hippen and P. W. Jardon. 2004. Ruminal and plasma responses in dairy cows to drenching or feeding glycerol. Journal of Dairy Science 87(Suppl.): 343 (Abstr.).
Löpez, S., F. D. D. Hovell, J. Dijkstra and J. France. 2003. Effects of volatile fatty acid supply on their absorption and water kinetics in the rumen of sheep sustained by intragastric infusions. Journal of Animal Science 81: 2609-2616.
Mach, N., A. Bach and M. Devant. 2009. Effects of crude glycerin supplementation on performance and meat quality of Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets. Journal of Animal Science 87: 632-638.
Meale, S. J., A. V. Chaves, S. Ding, R. D. Bush and T. A. McAllister. 2013. Effects of crude glycerin supplementation on wool production, feeding behavior, and body condition of Merino ewes. Journal of Animal Science 91: 878-885.
Min, Y. N., F. Yan, F. Z. Liu, C. Coto and P. W. Waldroup. 2010. Glycerin a new energy source for poultry. International Journal Poultry Science 9: 1-4.
Moss, A. R., J. P, Jouany and J. Newbold. 2000. Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming. Annales de Zootechnie 49: 231-253.
NRC. 1981. Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, dairy and meat goat in temperate and tropical countries. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.
Paggi, R. A., J. P. Fay and C. Faverin. 2004. In vitro ruminal digestibility of oat hay and cellulolytic activity in the presence of increasing concentrations of short-chain acids and glycerol. The Journal of Agricultural Science 142: 89-96.
Rémond, B., E. Souday and J. P. Jouany. 1993. In vitro and in vivo fermentation of glycerol by rumen microbes. Animal Feed Science and Technology 41: 121-132.
Roger, V., G. Fonty, C. Andre and P. Gouet. 1992. Effects of glycerol on the growth, adhesion, and cellulolytic activity of rumen cellulolytic bacteria and anaerobic fungi. Current Microbiology 25: 197-201.
Samuel, M., S. Sagathewan, J. Thomas and G. Mathen. 1997. An HPLC method for estimation of volatile fatty acids of ruminal fluid. Indian Journal of Animal Science 67: 805-807.
Satter, L. D. and L. L. Slyter. 1974. Effect of ammonia concentration on ruminal microbial protein production in vitro. British Journal of Nutrition 32:199-208.
Schneider, B. H. and W. P Flatt. 1975. The Evaluation of Feed Through Digestibility Experiment. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. Georgia.
Steel, R. G. D. and J. H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometerial Approach. (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill, New York.
Sutton, J. D., S. V. Morant, J. A. Bines, D. J. Napper and D. I. Givens. 1993. Effect of altering the starch: fibre ratio in the concentrates on hay intake and milk production by Friesian cows. The Journal of Agricultural Science 120: 379-390.
Thompson, J. C. and B. B. He. 2006. Characterization of crude glycerin from biodiesel production from multiple feedstocks. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 22: 261-265.
Van Soest, P. J. 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant, second ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fire and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 3579-3583.
Wang, C., Q. Liu, W. J. Huo, W. Z. Yang, K. H. Dong, Y. X. Huang and G. Guo. 2009. Effects of glycerol on rumen fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives and feed digestibility in steers. Livestock Science 121: 15-20.
อารีย์วรรณ มีแสง ปิ่น จันจุฬา วันวิศาข์ งามผ่องใส และ อภิชาติ หล่อเพชร. 2554. ผลการใช้กากเนื้อในเมล็ดปาล์มน้ำมันในสูตรอาหารข้นต่อการย่อยได้ และนิเวศวิทยาในกระเพาะรูเมนของแพะ. วารสารเกษตร 27(1): 87-99.
Abo El-Nor, S., A. A. Abu Ghazaleh, R. B. Potu, D. Hastings and M. S. A. Khattab. 2010. Effects of different levels of glycerol on rumen fermentation and bacteria. Animal Feed Science and Technology 162:99-105.
AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analyses, 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, VA.
Avila-Stagno, J., A. V. Chaves, M. L. He, O. M. Harstad, K. A. Beauchemin, S. M. McGinn and T. A. McAllister. 2013. Effects of increasing concentrations of glycerol in concentrate diets on nutrient digestibility, methane emissions, growth, fatty acid profiles, and carcass traits of lambs. Journal of Animal Science 91:829-837.
Bremner, J. M. and D. R. Keeney. 1965. Steam distillation methods of determination of ammonium nitrate and nitrite. Analytica Chimica Acta 32: 485-493.
Church, D. C. 1979. Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminants. Vol. I. O&B Books Inc. Corvallis. Oregon.
DeFrain, J. M., A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur and P. W. Jardon. 2004. Feeding glycerol to transition dairy cows: Effects on blood metabolites and lactation performance. Journal of Dairy Science 87: 4195-4206.
Dozier, W. A., B. J. Kerr, A. Corzo, M. T. Kidd, E. Weber and K. Bregendals. 2008. Apparent metabolism energy of glycerin for broiler. Poultry Science 87: 317-322.
Farias, M. de S., R. R. Silva, F. Zawadzki, C. E. Eiras, B. S. Lima and I. N. do Prado. 2012. Glycerin level for crossed heifers supplement in pasture: intake behavior. Acta Scienciarum. Animal Sciences 34: 63-69.
Ferguson, J. D., D. T. Galligan, T. Blanchard and M. Reeves. 1993. Serum urea nitrogen and conception rate: the usefulness of test information. Journal of Dairy Science 76: 3742-3746.
Galyean, M. 1989. Laboratory Procedure in Animal Nutrition Research. New Mexico: Department of Animal and Life Science, New Mexico State University.
Gunn, P. J., M. K. Neary, R. P. Lemenager and S. L. Lake. 2010a. Effects of crude glycerin on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing wether lambs. Journal of Animal Science 88: 1771-1776.
Gunn, P. J., A. F. Schultz, M. L. Van Emon, M. K. Neary, R. P. Lemenager, C. P. Rusk and S. L. Lake. 2010b. Effects of elevated crude glycerin concentrations on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and serum metabolite and hormone concentrations in finishing ewe and wether lambs. The Professional Animal Scientist 26: 298-306.
Heldt, J. S., R. C. Cochran, C. P. Mathis, B. C. Woods, K. C. Olson, E. C. Titgemeyer, T. G. Nagaraja, E. S. Vanzant and D. E. Johnson. 1999. Effects of level and source of carbohydrates and level of degradable intake protein on intake and digestion of low-quality tallgrass-prairie hay by beef steers. Journal of Animal Science 77: 2846-2854.
Hungate, R. E. 1966. The Rumen and Its Microbe. Acadimic Press, New York. NY.
Lee, S. Y., S. M. Lee, Y. B. Cho, D. K. Kam, S. C. Lee, C. H. Kim and S. Seo. 2011. Glycerol as a feed supplement for ruminants: In vitro fermentation characteristics and methane production. Animal Feed Science and Technology 166-167: 269-274.
Linke, P. L., J. M. DeFrain, A. R. Hippen and P. W. Jardon. 2004. Ruminal and plasma responses in dairy cows to drenching or feeding glycerol. Journal of Dairy Science 87(Suppl.): 343 (Abstr.).
Löpez, S., F. D. D. Hovell, J. Dijkstra and J. France. 2003. Effects of volatile fatty acid supply on their absorption and water kinetics in the rumen of sheep sustained by intragastric infusions. Journal of Animal Science 81: 2609-2616.
Mach, N., A. Bach and M. Devant. 2009. Effects of crude glycerin supplementation on performance and meat quality of Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets. Journal of Animal Science 87: 632-638.
Meale, S. J., A. V. Chaves, S. Ding, R. D. Bush and T. A. McAllister. 2013. Effects of crude glycerin supplementation on wool production, feeding behavior, and body condition of Merino ewes. Journal of Animal Science 91: 878-885.
Min, Y. N., F. Yan, F. Z. Liu, C. Coto and P. W. Waldroup. 2010. Glycerin a new energy source for poultry. International Journal Poultry Science 9: 1-4.
Moss, A. R., J. P, Jouany and J. Newbold. 2000. Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming. Annales de Zootechnie 49: 231-253.
NRC. 1981. Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, dairy and meat goat in temperate and tropical countries. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.
Paggi, R. A., J. P. Fay and C. Faverin. 2004. In vitro ruminal digestibility of oat hay and cellulolytic activity in the presence of increasing concentrations of short-chain acids and glycerol. The Journal of Agricultural Science 142: 89-96.
Rémond, B., E. Souday and J. P. Jouany. 1993. In vitro and in vivo fermentation of glycerol by rumen microbes. Animal Feed Science and Technology 41: 121-132.
Roger, V., G. Fonty, C. Andre and P. Gouet. 1992. Effects of glycerol on the growth, adhesion, and cellulolytic activity of rumen cellulolytic bacteria and anaerobic fungi. Current Microbiology 25: 197-201.
Samuel, M., S. Sagathewan, J. Thomas and G. Mathen. 1997. An HPLC method for estimation of volatile fatty acids of ruminal fluid. Indian Journal of Animal Science 67: 805-807.
Satter, L. D. and L. L. Slyter. 1974. Effect of ammonia concentration on ruminal microbial protein production in vitro. British Journal of Nutrition 32:199-208.
Schneider, B. H. and W. P Flatt. 1975. The Evaluation of Feed Through Digestibility Experiment. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. Georgia.
Steel, R. G. D. and J. H. Torrie. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometerial Approach. (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill, New York.
Sutton, J. D., S. V. Morant, J. A. Bines, D. J. Napper and D. I. Givens. 1993. Effect of altering the starch: fibre ratio in the concentrates on hay intake and milk production by Friesian cows. The Journal of Agricultural Science 120: 379-390.
Thompson, J. C. and B. B. He. 2006. Characterization of crude glycerin from biodiesel production from multiple feedstocks. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 22: 261-265.
Van Soest, P. J. 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant, second ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fire and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 3579-3583.
Wang, C., Q. Liu, W. J. Huo, W. Z. Yang, K. H. Dong, Y. X. Huang and G. Guo. 2009. Effects of glycerol on rumen fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives and feed digestibility in steers. Livestock Science 121: 15-20.
