Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Proline Content, Yield, Yield Components, Grain Quality, and Gene Expression in Thai Fragrant Rice Landrace
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Abstract
Fragrant rice landraces are genetically diverse, have a high ability to adapt to local environments and some varieties are fragrant rice. Aroma is an important characteristic of grain quality and is due to 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) which is derived from proline. Factors such as the environment, cultivation method, and post-harvest management can affect the aroma of fragrant rice. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate effects of nitrogen (N) application rate on proline contents in leaves at three growth stages (tillering, booting, and flowering), yield, yield components, seed quality and expression of badh2 and TPI genes in Thai fragrant rice landraces, Buer Ner Moo 4 (BNM4). The pot experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 N fertilizer rate (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 kgN/rai) and 3 replications. Urea was used as source of N fertilizer. The results demonstrated that application N fertilizer at booting led to the highest proline content at the rate of 180 kgN/rai (2.41 µmol/g fresh weight) compared to application of N fertilizer at the other growth stages. Furthermore, increasing the rate of N fertilizer increased the yield and yield components of rice. A sensory test for aroma revealed that BNM4 supplied with 60 kgN/rai had the highest aroma, while at 150 kgN/rai is non fragrant. The increase in N fertilizer supply did not affect the softness of rice grain as determined by the alkali test. The expression of badh2 and TPI genes from the samples at the 5 days after the anthesis, the highest at 30 and 120 kgN/rai, respectively. This data could be useful for cultivation management for enhancing the aroma and productivity of the fragrant rice landraces in the future.
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