Antioxidant and anti-A549 lung cancer activities of Marsilea crenata C. Presl leaf extract in relation to its total flavonoid and phenolic contents
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Marsilea crenata C. Presl, a traditional medicinal plant, is recognized for its potential as a rich source of bioactive compounds, particularly phenolics and flavonoids. This study aimed to investigate the biological properties of M. crenata C. Presl leaf extract, including its total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity against A549 lung cancer cells, and its effect on cancer cell migration. The leaves were collected from Udon Thani Province, Thailand, and extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol. The solvent was removed using a rotary evaporator. The chemical composition of the extract was analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The crude extraction yield was 16.74%, with total phenolic content of 3.32 ± 5.00 mg GAE/g extract and total flavonoid content of 5.11 ± 8.60 mg QE/g extract. Antioxidant activities assessed by DPPH and ABTS assays showed IC50 values of 106.06±8.00 µg/mL and 74.59±5.75 µg/mL, respectively, while the FRAP value was 388.65±0.01 mmole Fe²⁺/g Extracts. NMR analysis also indicated the presence of structural features associated with anticancer compounds. Cytotoxic activity against A549 lung cancer cells was evaluated using the Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, revealing IC50 values of >750 µg/mL (24 h), 45.56±1.54 µg/mL (48 h), and 6.14±3.42 µg/mL (72 h). Furthermore, the extract significantly inhibited A549 cell migration in the wound healing assay, suggesting its potential to suppress cancer metastasis. In conclusion, M. crenata leaf extract exhibits antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anti-migratory activities against A549 lung cancer cells.
Article Details
References
กรมพัฒนาการแพทย์แผนไทยและการแพทย์ทางเลือก [Department of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine]. (2553/2010). ผักพื้นบ้านต้านโรค เล่ม 1 [Local vegetables against disease, Vol. 1]. ชุมนุมสหกรณ์การเกษตรแห่งประเทศไทย.
American Cancer Society. (2024). Cancer facts & figures 2024. American Cancer Society.
Azwanida, N. N. (2015). A review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 4(3), 196.
Benzie, I. F. F., & Strain, J. J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": The FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1), 70–76.
Boonsong, J., Suktawee, N., & Jitlang, S. (2022). Ethanol extraction efficiency of Thai herbal plants for bioactive compounds. Journal of Natural Products Research, 11(2), 55–62.
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25–30.
Chang, C., Yang, M., Wen, H., & Chern, J. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10(3), 178–182.
Chen, H. W., Huang, H. C., & Lin, T. J. (2006). Curcumin induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells through the upregulation of p53 expression. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 69(11), 547–553.
Chen, J., Liu, X., & Zhao, Y. (2023). Phytoestrogens and health: Insights into biological mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Nutrients, 15(2), 450.
Chu, Y. H., Chang, C. L., & Hsu, H. F. (2000). Flavonoid content of several vegetables and their antioxidant activity. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 80(5), 561–566.
Do, Q. D., Angkawijaya, A. E., Tran-Nguyen, P. L., Huynh, L. H., Soetaredjo, F. E., Ismadji, S., & Ju, Y. H. (2014). Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 22(3), 296–302.
Elboughdiri, N. (2018). Effect of time, solvent-solid ratio, ethanol concentration and temperature on extraction yield of phenolic compounds from olive leaves. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 8(2), 2805–2808. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1983
Jain, N., Jadon, R. S., & Sharma, A. (2021). Extraction techniques and phytochemical investigation of Marsilea species: A review. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 13(4), 35–42.
Kumar, R. A., Sridevi, K., Kumar, N. V., Nanduri, S., & Rajagopal, S. (2004). Anticancer and immunostimulatory compounds from Andrographis paniculata. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92(2–3), 291–295.
Kumar, S., Pandey, A. K., & Tripathi, R. (2023). Bioactive compounds and medicinal potential of Marsilea species: An overview. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 156, 113982.
Liang, C. C., Park, A. Y., & Guan, J. L. (2007). In vitro scratch assay: A convenient and inexpensive method for analysis of cell migration in vitro. Nature Protocols, 2(2), 329–333.
Limsuwan, S., Chaowasku, T., & Voravuthikunchai, S. P. (2020). Bioactive compounds from Thai medicinal plants: Extraction and biological activities. Phytochemistry Reviews, 19, 583–602.
Lin, C. C., Shieh, D. E., & Yang, L. L. (2007). Baicalein inhibits lung cancer cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 30(12), 1562–1569.
Lowell, C. A., Smith, J. D., Wong, E. F., González, M. R., & Patel, N. K. (2000). Cellular culture protocols: Standard procedures for cancer cell lines. Methods in Cell Biology, 62, 145–160.
Luo, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., & Huang, Q. (2020). Natural compounds targeting cancer cell migration and invasion: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 592631.
Man, Y., Li, X., & Zhang, W. (2023). Molecular mechanism of β-sitosterol in inhibiting proliferation and migration of human lung cancer cells through downregulation of FGFR1/EGFR–PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. American Journal of Cancer Research, 15(3), 1109–1121.
Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C., & Jiménez, L. (2005). Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79(5), 727–747.
National Cancer Institute of Thailand. (2023). Cancer statistics in Thailand 2023. Ministry of Public Health.
Newman, D. J., Cragg, G. M., & Snader, K. M. (2024). Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. Journal of Natural Products, 87(1), 1–13.
Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., & Chandra, S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: An overview. Journal of Nutritional Science, 5, e47.
Rahman, M. M., Islam, M. S., Ahmed, M., & Hossain, M. A. (2023). Biological activities and anticancer potential of genistein: A comprehensive review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 302, 115934.
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9–10), 1231–1237.
Rizvi, S., & Gores, G. J. (2023). Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of cholangiocarcinoma. Gastroenterology, 165(1), 165–180.
Saokaew, S., Wilairat, P., Raktanyakan, P., & Teekachunhatean, S. (2012). Cytotoxic effects of Kaempferia parviflora extracts against lung cancer cell line A549. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 13(5), 2391–2395.
Shahidi, F., & Ambigaipalan, P. (2015). Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects – A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 18, 820–897.
Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2024). Cancer statistics, 2024. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 74(1), 7–33.
Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventós, R. M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299, 152–178.
Skehan, P., Storeng, R., Scudiero, D., Monks, A., McMahon, J., Vistica, D., Warren, J. T., Bokesch, H., Kenney, S., & Boyd, M. R. (1990). New colorimetric cytotoxicity assay for anticancer-drug screening. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 82(13), 1107–1112.
Sompong, S., Jarintanan, F., & Boonprakob, U. (2020). Bioactive constituents and cytotoxicity of Marsilea species from Thailand. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 10(5), 225–230.
Soria, J. C., Ohe, Y., Vansteenkiste, J., Reungwetwattana, T., Chewaskulyong, B., Lee, K. H., ... & Ramalingam, S. S. (2023). Osimertinib in untreated EGFR-mutated advanced non–small-cell lung cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(2), 113–125.
Sornsenee, P., Boonruangprapa, T., & Yangsabai, A. (2018). Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: An overview. Medicines, 5(3), 93.
Spagnuolo, C., Moccia, S., Russo, G. L., & Russo, M. (2023). Genistein and cancer: Current status, challenges, and future directions. Nutrients, 15(4), 876.
Sulaiman, S. F., Yusoff, N. A. M., Eldeen, I. M., Seow, E. M., Sajak, A. A. B., Supriatno, & Ooi, K. L. (2015). Correlation between total phenolic and mineral contents with antioxidant activity of eight Malaysian bananas (Musa spp.). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 38, 1–10.
Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., & Bray, F. (2024). Global cancer statistics 2024: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 74(2), 134–148.
Thaipong, K., Boonprakob, U., Crosby, K., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., & Byrne, D. H. (2006). Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19(6–7), 669–675.
Thavamani, B. S., Mathew, L. E., & Mahesh, S. (2017). Cytotoxic effect of herbal extracts on human cancer cell lines. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 8(8), 3211–3218.
Tungmunnithum, D., Thongboonyou, A., Pholboon, A., & Yangsabai, A. (2018). Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: An overview. Medicines, 5(3), 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030093
Widjaja, S. S., et al. (2023). Development of Marsilea crenata-based topical products for postoperative wound care. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 309, 116357.
Worasuttayangkurn, L., et al. (2021). The effects of Thai medicinal plants extracts on cancer cell proliferation. Biomedical Reports, 14(4), 1–8.
World Health Organization. (2024). World cancer report 2024. World Health Organization.
Zhang, X., Wang, J., Zhu, L., Wang, X., Meng, F., Xia, L., & Zhang, H. (2022a). Advances in stigmasterol on its anti-tumor effect and mechanism of action. Frontiers in Oncology, 12, Article 1101289. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.1101289
Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Li, J., Chen, H., & Liu, X. (2022b). Terpenoid diversity in medicinal plants and their anticancer properties. Phytochemistry Reviews, 21(2), 245–262.
Zhou, K., Su, L., & Yu, L. (2016). Phytochemicals and antioxidant properties in wheat bran. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(20), 6108–6114.
Zhu, Y., Wang, X., Li, J., Chen, L., Zhang, Q., Liu, H., ... & Li, Y. (2020). Review on antioxidative natural products from Chinese herbal medicines. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 583221.