การระบาดของพยาธิใบไม้ตับโค (Fasiola spp.) ตัวการก่อโรคจากสัตว์สู่คน
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
บทคัดย่อ
พยาธิใบไม้ตับโค (Fasciola spp.) เป็นปรสิตก่อโรคที่สำคัญในโค กระบือ และเป็นปัญหาสาธารณสุขที่ก่อโรคจากสัตว์สู่คน พยาธิใบไม้ตับโคที่สำคัญมี 2 ชนิด คือ Fasciola hepatica พบในเขตอบอุ่น และ Fasciola gigantica พบในเขตร้อน ประเทศไทยส่วนใหญ่พบชนิด F. gigantica ตัวเต็มวัยของพยาธิใบไม้ตับโค อาศัยบริเวณท่อน้ำดีของโฮสต์ ได้แก่ คน โค กระบือ แพะ แกะ ฯลฯ มีหอยน้ำจืด Lymnaea spp. เป็นโฮสต์กึ่งกลาง ในสัตว์ติดต่อโดยการกินหญ้าหรือพืชน้ำบริเวณที่มีน้ำท่วมขัง หรือสัตว์ดื่มน้ำบริเวณแหล่งระบาด ปัจจัยเสี่ยงที่เพิ่มขึ้นได้แก่ บริเวณพื้นที่ราบลุ่ม เขื่อน อ่างเก็บน้ำขนาดใหญ่ที่มีหอยน้ำจืด Lymnaea spp. อาศัยอยู่ การติดเชื้อในสัตว์จะก่อให้เกิดพยาธิสภาพอย่างรุนแรงบริเวณตับ โดยเฉพาะส่วนของเนื้อเยื่อตับ (Parenchyma) รวมถึงทำให้ท่อน้ำดีอุดตัน เจริญเติบโตช้า ส่งผลให้ผลผลิตลดลงโดยเฉพาะเนื้อและนม หากสัตว์อายุน้อยหรือติดพยาธิจำนวนมากอาจทำให้สัตว์ตาย Fasciola spp. ในคนสามารถติดพยาธิโดยการดื่มน้ำ เครื่องดื่มและน้ำผลไม้ การบริโภคอาหาร น้ำล้างผัก ผลไม้ หรือจากการบริโภคผักหรือเครื่องใช้ในครัวเรือนที่ปนเปื้อนระยะติดต่อ ก่อให้เกิดการอักเสบที่ท่อน้ำดี ถุงน้ำดีอักเสบเนื่องจากพยาธิมีลำตัวขนาดใหญ่ทำให้ท่อน้ำดีอุดตันได้ง่าย, เจ็บที่ใต้ชายโครง พื้นที่ที่มีปริมาณความชื้นสูงในดิน มีน้ำท่วมขังเป็นปัจจัยที่มีความสัมพันธ์ต่อการเกิดโรค ดังนั้นการให้ความรู้สุขศึกษาเกี่ยวกับการกินอาหาร การเลี้ยงสัตว์ และการควบคุมป้องกันมีความสำคัญโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในบริเวณพื้นที่เสี่ยงที่มีเมตตาเซอร์คาเรียปนเปื้อนอยู่
Article Details
References
เกษศิรินทร์ ศักดิ์วิวัฒกุล, จักรพงษ์ ชายคง, ชาญยุทธ แถมวัน, พัชรพงษ์ วัฒนขำ, รติยา เกษสิมลี และวิไลพรรณ กู้ภูเขียว. 2560. ความชุกและปัจจัยเสี่ยงของการติดพยาธิในทางเดินอาหารของโคที่พบในโรงฆ่าสัตว์ จังหวัดมหาสารคาม. วารสารแก่นเกษตร. 1: 765-770.
ณัฐภาส โกยรัมย์, คมกริช พิมพ์ภักดี และ ชุลีพร ศักดิ์สง่าวงษ์. 2559. การเปรียบเทียบความชุกของพยาธิใบไม้ตับในโคพื้นเมืองระหว่างชายแดนไทย-ลาวกับชายแดนไทย-กัมพูชา. วารสารวิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี มหาวิทยาลัยมหาสารคาม. 32:182-188.
บอย บุญเอื้อ, วิษณุวัฒน์ ฉิมน้อย, วีระชัย วิโรจน์แสงอรุณ, ทัศนีย์ มุงเมือง, สถาพร จิตตปาลพงศ์ และบุรินทร์ นิ่มสุพรรณ์. 2556. ความชุกของการติดพยาธิใบไม้ตับชนิด Fasciola gigantica ในโคและกระบือรอบทะเลสาบสงขลาโดยการตรวจด้วยวิธี ELISA โดยใช้ Excretory-Secretory แอนติเจน. วารสารสัตวแพทยศาสตร์ มข. 23:98-109.
พจน์ภิรัชต์ เนียมจุ้ย, คมกริช พิมพ์ภักดี และ ชนินทร์ น่าชม. 2555. ความชุกและปัจจัยเสี่ยงที่มีผลต่อการติดพยาธิใบไม้ตับในโคและกระบือในจังหวัดบุรีรัมย์. วารสารสัตวแพทยศาสตร์ มข. 22:10-17.
ศรีรัฐ ภักดีรณชิต, อุดมศรี โชว์พิทธพรชัย, ธาริณ สวัสดิ์พาณิชย์ และวิทูร ขาวสุข. 2556. การหาตำแหน่งของแอนติเจนที่น้ำหนักโมเลกุล 21 กิโลดัลตัน ในเนื้อเยื่อพยาธิใบไม้ตับ Fasciola gigantica. คณะแพทย์ศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยศรีนครินทรวิโรฒ, กรุงเทพมหานคร.
สาทิส ผลภาค. 2552. ปัญหาสุขภาพและโรคที่พบในกระบือ โคเนื้อ โคนม ในเขต สสอ. 4. ศูนย์วิจัยและพัฒนาการสัตวแพทย์ภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือตอนบน, ขอนแก่นสรุปผลการประชุม คณะกรรมาธิการการเกษตรและสหกรณ์ สภาผู้แทนราษฎร ครั้งที่ 10 วันพุธที่ 1 กุมภาพันธ์ 2555 ณ ห้องประชุมกรรมาธิการ. https://www.parliament.go.th/ewtcommittee/ewt/agronomy/download/article/article_20120302094744.pdf. ค้นเมื่อ 19 เมษายน 2562.
Abrous, M., D. Rondelaud, G. Dreyfuss, and J. Cabaret. 1998. Unusual transmission of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, by Lymnaea glabra or Planorbis leucostoma in France. J. Parasitol. 84: 257-259.
Ahmad, M., M. N. Khan, M. S. Sajid, G. Muhammad, A. Qudoos, and H. M. Rizwan. 2017. Prevalence, economic analysis and chemotherapeutic control of small ruminant fasciolosis in the Sargodha district of Punjab, Pakistan. Vet. Italiana. 53: 47-53.
Ahmed, A. H., and R. M. R Ramzy. 1999. Infection of two lymnaeid snails with Fasciola gigantica in Giza, a field study. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 29: 687-696.
Akkari, H., M. Gharbi, and M. A. Darghouth. 2011. Infestation of tracer lambs by Fasciola hepatica in Tunisia: determining periods for strategic anthelmintic treatments. Rev. Sci. Tech. 30: 917-929.
Alatoom, A., D. Cavuoti, P. Southern, and R. Gander. 2018. Fasciola hepatica infection in the United States. Labmedicine. 39: 425-428.
Alba, A., A. A. Vazquez, H. Hernandez, J. Sanchez, R. Marcet, M. Figueredo, J. Sarracent, and J. Fraga. 2015. A multiplex PCR for the detection of Fasciola hepatica in the intermediate snail host Galba cubensis. Vet. Parasitol. 211: 195-200.
Aleixo, M., D.F. Freitas, L.H. Dutra, J. Malone, I.V. Martins, and M. B. Molento. 2015. Fasciola hepatica: epidemiology, perspectives in the diagnostic andthe use of geoprocessing systems for prevalence studies. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina. 36:1451-1466.
Aregahagn, S. and M. Asrat. 2018. Prevalence of zoonotic Fasciolosis in and around Kemissie Amhara, Ethiopia. Int. J. Biotech. Bioeng. 4: 57-61.
Aroonroch, R., S. Worawichawong, P. Nitiyanant, A. Kanchanapitak, and S. Bunyaratvej. 2006. Hepatic Fascioliasis due to Fasciola hepatica: a two-case report. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 89:1770-1774.
Artigas, P., M. D. Bargues, R. L. M. Sierra, V. H. Agramunt, and S. Mas-Coma. 2011. Characterisation of fascioliasis lymnaeid intermediate hosts from Chile by DNA sequencing, with emphasis on Lymnaea viator and Galba truncatula. Acta Tropica. 120: 245-257.
Ashrafi, K., J. Massoud, K. H. Naieni, M. A. Jo-Afshani, M. Mahmoodi, N. Ebadati, S. M. Rezvani, P. Artigas, M. D. Bargues, and S. Mas-Coma. 2007. Nuclear Ribosomal DNA ITS-2 Sequence Characterization of Fasciola hepatica and Galba truncatula. Iranian J. Publ.Health. 36: 42-49.
Ayalneh, B., B. Bogale, and S. Dagnachew. 2018. Review on ovine Fasciolosis in Ethiopia. Acta. Parasitol. Globalis. 9: 7-14.
Ayele, M. 2016. Review on the biology Fasciola parasites and the epidemiology on small ruminants. Adv. Life Sci. Technol. 48: 19-27.
Babiker, A. E., Y. H. A. Elmansory, A. A. Elsadig, and A. M. Majid. 2011. Prevalence of Fasciolosis in cattle and sheep slaughtered for human consumption in the white nile state, sudan: a retrospective. J. Vet. Med. & Anim. prod. 2: 105-119.
Bargues, M. D., R. L. M. Sierra, P. Artigas, and S. Mas-Coma. 2012. DNA multigene sequencing of topotypic specimens of the fascioliasis vector Lymnaea diaphana and phylogenetic analysis of the genus Pectinidens (Gastropoda). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 107: 111-124.
Bargues, M. D., V. Gayo, J. Sanchis, P. Artigas, M. Khoubbane, S. Birriel, and S. Mas-Coma. 2017. DNA multigene characterization of Fasciola hepatica and Lymnaea neotropica and its fascioliasis transmission capacity in Uruguay, with historical correlation, human report review and infection risk analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11: 1-33.
Bayou, K. and T. Geda. 2018. Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis and its Associated Risk Factors in HaranfamaMunicipal Abattoir, Girja District, South Eastern Ethiopia. Vet. Med. Anim. Sci. 1: 1003-1028.
Beesley, N. J., C. Caminade, Charlier, R. J. Flynn., J. E. Hodgkinson, A. Martinez‐Moreno, M. Martinez‐Valladares, J. Perez, L. Rinaldi, and D.J.L. Williams.2018. Fasciola and fasciolosis in ruminants in Europe: Identifying research needs. Transbound Emerg Dis. 65: 199-216.
Bennema, S., J. Vercruysse, E. Claerebout, T. Schnieder, C. Strube, E. Ducheyne, G. Hendrickx, and J. Charlier. 2009. The use of bulk-tank milk ELISAs to assess the spatial distribution of Fasciola hepatica, Ostertagia ostertagi and Dictyocaulus viviparus in dairy cattle in Flanders (Belgium). Vet. Parasitol. 165: 51-57.
Bennema, S. C., R. G. C. Scholte, M. B. Molento, C. Medeiros, and O. S. Carvalho. 2014. Fasciola hepatica in bovines in Brazil: data availability and spatial distribution. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. South Paulo. 56: 35-41.
Boray, J. C. 1978. Studies on the ecology of Lymnaea tomentosa, the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. History, geographical distribution, and environment. Australian J. Zool. 12: 217-230.
Boray, J. C. 1978. The potential impact of exotic Lymnaea spp. on fascioliasis in Australasia. Vet. Parasitol. 4: 127-141.
Boix, N., E. Teixido, M. Vila-Cejudo, P. Ortiz, E. Ibanez, J. Gomez-Catalan, J. M. Llobet, and M. Barenys. 2016. Risk assessment for human embryonic development of triclabendazole residues in milk and cheese in the diet of a ruralpopulation in Cajamarca (Peru): A preliminary approach. Res. Signpost. 2016: 37-47.
Bui, T. D., P. N. Doanh, C. Saegerman, and B. Losson. 2016. Current status of fasciolosis in Vietnam: an update and perspectives. Journal of Helminthology. 90: 511-522.
Byrne, A. W., S. McBride, A. Lahuerta-Marin, M. Guelbenzu, J. McNair, R. A. Skuce,and S. W. J. McDowell. 2016. Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) infection in cattle in Northern Ireland: a large-scale epidemiological investigation utilising surveillance data. Parasites & Vectors. 9: 209-222.
Cabada, M. M., M. Lopez, M. Cruz, J. R. Delgado. V. Hill, and C. White. 2016. Treatment failure after multiple courses of Triclabendazole among patients with fascioliasis in Cusco, Peru: A case series. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 10: 4361-4368.
Cabada, M. M., A. Castellanos-Gonzalez, M. Lopez, M. A. Caravedo, E. Arque, and A. C. White. 2016. Fasciola hepatica Infection in an Indigenous Community of the Peruvian Jungle. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94: 1309–1312.
Canete, R., M. Yong, J. Sanchez, L. Wong, and A. Gutierrez. 2004. Population Dynamics of Intermediate Snail Hosts of Fasciola hepatica and Some Environmental Factors in San Juan y Martinez Municipality, Cuba. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 99: 257-262.
Caron, Y., K. Martens, L. Lempereur, C. Saegerman, and B. Losson. 2014. New insight in lymnaeid snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda) as intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda, Digenea) in Belgium and Luxembourg. Parasites & Vectors. 7: 66-73.
Caron, Y., M. Celi-Eraz, S. Hurtrez-Boussès, M. Lounnas, J. P. Pointier, C. Saegerman, B. Losson, and W. Benítez-Ortíz. 2017. Is Galba schirazensis (Mollusca, Gastropoda) an intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda, Digenea) in Ecuador? Parasite. 24: 24-32.
Chekol, B., and Y. Girma. 2018. Study on the prevalence of ovine Fasciolosis in Wadla Woreda, North Wollo, Ethiopia. J. Vet. Sci. Res. 3: 000151.
Choubisa, S. L., and V. J. Jaroli. 2012. Gastrointestinal parasitic infection in diverse species of domestic ruminants inhabiting tribal rural areas of southern Rajasthan, India. J. Parasit. Dis. 37: 271–275.
Cruz-Mendoza, I., J. A. Figueroa, D. Correa, E. Ramos-Martinez, J. Lecumberri-Lopez, H. Quiroz-Romero.. 2004. Dynamics of Fasciola hepatica infection in two species of snails in a rural locality of Mexico. Vet. Parasitol. 121: 87-93.
Cruz-Mendoza, I., F. Ibarra-Velarde, M. T. Quintero-Martinez, E. Naranjo-Garcia, J. Lecumberri-Lopez, and D. Correa. 2005. Seasonal transmission of Fasciola hepatica in cattle and Lymnaea (Fossaria ) Humilis snails in central Mexico. Parasitol. Res. 95:283–286.
Cruz-Mendoza, I., H. Quiroz-Romero, D. Correa, and G. Gomez-Espinoza. 2011. Transmission dynamics of Fasciola hepatica in the Plateau Region of Mexico. Effect of weather and treatment of mammals under current farm management. Vet. Parasitol.175: 73-79.
Cucher, M. A., S. Carnevale, L. Prepelitchi, J. H. Labbe, and C. Wisnivesky-Colli. 2006. PCR diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica in field-collected Lymnaea columella and Lymnaea viatrix snails. Vet. Parasitol. 137: 74-82.
Cwiklinski, K, S. M. O’Neill, S. Donnelly, and J. P. Dalton. 2016. A prospective view of animal and human Fasciolosis. Parasit. Immu. 38: 558-568.
Cwiklinski, K., and J. P. Dalton. 2018. Advances in Fasciola hepatica research using ‘omics’ technologies. Int. J. Parasitol. 48: 321-331.
Davis, C. J., and N. L. H. Krauss. 1965. Recent Introductions for Biological Control in Hawaii-X. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society. 19: 87-90.
Diaz, A, V., C. L. Netherton, L. K. Dixon, and A. J. Wilson. 2012. Apparent Triclabendazole resistant human Fasciola hepatica. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18: 1028–1029.
Dung, B. T., P. Doanh, D. T. The, H. T. Loan, B. Losson, and Y. Caron. 2013. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Lymnaeid Snails and Their Potential Role in Transmission of Fasciola spp. in Vietnam. Korean J. Parasitol. 51: 657-662.
Dunkel, A. M., M. C. Rognlie, G. R. Johnson, and S. E. Knapp. 1996. Distribution of potential intermediate hosts for Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna in Montana, USA. Vet. Parasitol. 62: 63-70.
Elliott, T. P., J. M. Kelley, G. Rawlin, and T. W. Spithill. 2015. High prevalence of fasciolosis and evaluation of drug efficacy against Fasciola hepatica in dairy cattle in the Maffra and Bairnsdale districts of Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. Vet. Parasitol. 209:117-124.
Elshraway, N. T., and W. G. Mahmoud. 2017. Prevalence of fascioliasis (liver flukes) infection in cattle and buffaloes slaughtered at the municipal abattoir of El-Kharga, Egypt. Vet. World. 10:914–917.
Esclaire, F., J. C. Audousset, D. Rondelaud, and G. Dreyfuss. 1989. Les metacercaires flottantes de Fasciola hepatica L. A propos de quelques observations sur leur structure et leurs variations numériques au cours d’une infestation expérimentale chez Lymnaea truncatula Muller. Bulletin de la Société Française de Parasitologie 7:225–228.
Esteban, J. G., A. Flores, C. Aguirre, W. Strauss, R. Angles, and S. Mas-Coma. 1997. Presence of very high prevalence and intensity of infection with Fasciola hepatica among Aymara children from the Northern Bolivian Altiplano. Acta Tropica. 66:1-14.
Estuningsih, E., T. Spithill, H. Raadsma, R. Law, G. Adiwinata, E. Meeusen, and D. Piedrafita. 2009. Development and Application of a Fecal Antigen Diagnostic Sandwich ELISA for Estimating Prevalence of Fasciola gigantica in Cattle in Central Java, Indonesia. J. Parasitol. 95:450-455.
Farag, H. F., and M. H. Sayad. 1995. Biomphalaria alexandrina naturally infected with Fasciola gigantica in Egypt. Tropical Medicine Hygien. 89: 36-43.
French, A. S., R. N. Zadoks, P. J. Skuce, G. Mitchell, D. K. Gordon-Gibbs, A. Craine, D. Shaw, S. W. Gibb, and M. A. Taggart. 2016. Prevalence of Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica) in Wild Red Deer (Cervus elaphus): Coproantigen ELISA Is a practicable alternative to faecal egg counting for surveillance in remote populations. .PLoS ONE. 11: 420-438.
Gorski, P., R .Niznikowski, E. Strzelec, D. Popielarczyk, A. Gajewska, and H. Wedrychowicz. 2004. Prevalence of protozoan and helminth internal parasite infections in goat and sheep flocks in Poland. Arch. Tierz. Dummerstorf. 47:43-49.
Graham, C. S., S. B. Brodie, and P. F. Weller. 2001. Imported Fasciola hepatica Infection in the United States and Treatment with Triclabendazole. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 33: 1-5.
Hamed, N., H. Hammami, S. Khaled, and D. Rondelaud. 2009. Natural infection of Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda: Fasciolidae) in Bulinus truncatus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in northern Tunisia. J Helminthol. 83: 271-273.
Hammami H., N. Hamed, and A. A. Yadia. 2007. Epidemmiological studies on Fasciola hepatica in Gafsa Oases (South West of Tunisia). Parasite. 14: 261-264.
Harris, R. E. and W. A. G. Charleston. 1976. The epidemiology of Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep on a Lymnaea columella habitat in the manawatu. N. Z. Vet. J. 24: 11-17.
Hegazi, A. G., K. N. A. Megeed, S. E. Hassan, M. M. Abdelaziz, N. I. Toaleb, E. E. Shanawany, and D. Aboelsoued. 2018. Comparative ovicidal activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on Fasciola gigantica eggs. Vet. World. 11:215-220.
Hodgkinson, J. E., K. Cwiklinski, N. Beesley, C. Hartley, K. Allen, and D. J. L. Williams. Clonal amplification of Fasciola hepatica in Galba truncatula: within and between isolate variation of triclabendazole-susceptible and -resistant clones. Parasites & Vectors. 11: 363-371.
Hoglund, J., F. Dahlstrom, A. Engstrom, A. Hessle, E. Jakubek, T. Schnieder, C. Strube, and S. Sollenberg. 2010. Antibodies to major pasture borne helminth infections in bulk-tank milk samples from organic and nearby conventional dairy herds in south-central Sweden. Vet. Parasitol. 171: 293-299.
Hossain, M. M., S. Paul, M. M. Rahman, F. M. A. Hossain, M. T. Hossain, and M. R. Islam. 2011. Prevalence and Economic Significance of Caprine Fascioliasis at Sylhet District of Bangladesh. Pak. Vet. J. 31:113-116.
Howell, A., L. Mugisha, J. Davies, E. J. LaCourse, J. Claridge, D. J. L. Williams, L. Kelly-Hope, M. Betson, N. B. Kabatereine, and J. R. Stothard. 2012. Bovine fasciolosis at increasing altitudes: Parasitological and malacological sampling on the slopes of Mount Elgon, Uganda. Parasit. Vectors. 5:196.
Husen, S., S. Girma, J. Guye, M. Geleta, T. Habebie, M. Hussen, and M. Abdurahaman. 2017. Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis in Gechi District, Buno Bedelle Zone, South West Ethiopia. IJRSB. 5: 28-33.
Hussein, A. N. A., I. M. Hassan, and R. M A. Khalifa. 2010. Description of and eggs and larval stages of Fasciola, light and scanning electron microscopic studies. Res. J. Parasitol. 5:1-12. Ibrahim, N. 2017. Fascioliasis: Systematic Review. Advan. Biol. Res. 11: 278-285.
Iglesias-Piñeiro, J., M. González-Warleta, J.A. Castro-Hermida, M. Córdoba, C. González-Lanza, Y. Manga-González, and M Mezo. 2016. Transmission of Calicophoron daubneyi and Fasciola hepatica in Galicia (Spain): Temporal follow-up in the intermediate and definitive hosts. Parasites & Vectors. 9: 610-623.
Imani-Baran A., M. Yakhchali, R.M. Viayeh, R. Paktarmani. 2012. Molecular study for detecting the prevalence of Fasciola gigantica in field-collected snails of Radix gedrosiana (Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae) in northwestern Iran. Vet. Parasitol. 189: 374-377.
Imani-Baran, A., M. Yakhchali, R.M. Viayeh, and R. Paktarmani. 2012. Molecular study for detecting the prevalence of Fasciola gigantica in field-collected snails of Radix gedrosiana (Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae) in northwestern Iran. Vet. Parasitol.189: 374-377.
Issia, L., S. Pietrokovsky, J. Sousa-Figueiredo. J. R. Stothard, and C. Wisnivesky-Collia. 2009. Fasciola hepatica infections in livestock flock, guanacos and coypus in two wildlife reserves in Argentina. Vet. Paraitol. 165: 341-344.
Iyaji, F.O., C.A. Yaro, M.F. Peter, A.E.O. Abutu. 2018. Fasciola hepatica and Associated Parasite, Dicrocoelium dendriticum in Slaughter Houses in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria Advances in Infectious Diseases. 8: 1-9.
Jaja, I.F., B. Mushonga, E. Green, and V. Muchenje. 2017. Seasonal prevalence, body condition score and risk factors of bovine fasciolosis in South Africa. Vet. Anim. Sci. 4: 1-7.
Jean-Richard, V., L. Crump, A.A. Abicho, N.B. Nare, H. Greter, J. Hattendorf, E. Schelling and J. Zinsstag. 2014. Prevalence of Fasciola gigantica infection in slaughtered animals in south-eastern Lake Chad area in relation to husbandry practices and seasonal water levels. BMC. Vet. Res. 10: 81-87.
Joan, N., M.J. Stephen, M. Bashir, J. Kiguli, P. Orikiriza, J. Bazira, H. Itabangi, and I.J. Stanley. 2015. Prevalence and Economic Impact of Bovine Fasciolosis at Kampala City Abattoir, Central Uganda. BMRJ. 7: 109-117.
Julieta, M. P.M. Farber, J.P. Pointier, C. Giudici, C. Wisnivesky and L. Prepelitchi. 2015. New record for Galba neotropica (Orbigny, 1835) in Argentina, with a detailed analysis of its morphology and molecular characteristics. J. Moll. Res. 35: 153-160.
Karim, M.R., M.S. Mahmud, and M.Giasuddin. 2015. Epidemiological study of bovine Fasciolosis: prevalence and risk factor assessment at Shahjadpur Upazila of Bangladesh. Immunology and Infectious Diseases Im. Inf. Dis. 3: 25-29.
Kaset, K., V. Eursitthichai, S. Vichasri-Grams, V. Viyanant, and R. Gramsa. 2010. Rapid identification of lymnaeid snails and their infection with Fasciola gigantica in Thailand. Exp. Parasitol. 126: 482-488.
Kelley, J.M., T.P. Elliott, T. Beddoe, G. Anderson, P. Skuce, and T.W. Spithill. 2016. Current Threat of Triclabendazole Resistance in Fasciola hepatica. Trends Parasitol. 32: 458-469.
Khoramian, H., M. Arbabi, M.M. Osqoi, M. Delavari, H. Hooshyar, and M. Asgari. 2014. Prevalence of ruminants fascioliasis and their economic effects in Kashan, center of Iran. Asian. Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 4: 918-922.
Kim, H. Y., I. W. Choi, Y. R. Kim, J. H. Quan, H. A. Hassan, A. Ismail, G. H. Cha, S. J. Hong, and Y. H. Lee. 2014. Fasciola hepatica in Snails Collected from Water-Dropwort Fields using PCR. Korean J. Parasitol. 52: 645–652.
Kleiman, F., S. Pietrokovsky, W. L. Paraense, and C. Wisnivesky-Colli. 2004. Southernmost Finding of Lymnaea viatrix Orbigny, 1835 (Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae), Intermediate Host of Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Trematoda: Digenea), in Urban and Rural Areas of Patagonia, Argentina. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo. Cruz. 99: 23-24.
Kuerpick, B., T. Schnieder, and C. Strube. 2012. Seasonal pattern of Fasciola hepatica antibodies in dairy herds in Northern Germany. Parasitol Res. 111: 1085–1092.
Lee C. G., S. K. Kim, and C. Y. Lee. 1994. Rapid growth of Lymnaea viridis, the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, under laboratory conditions. Vet. Parasitol. 51: 327-331.
Lim, J, H., E. Mairiang, and G. H. Ahn. 2007. Biliary parasitic diseases including clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis and fascioliasis. Abdom. Imaging. 33: 157-165.
Liu, Y., F. Li, W. Liu, R. S. Dai, Y. M. Tan, D. S. He, R. Q. Lin, and X. Q. Zhu. 2009. Prevalence of helminths in water buffaloes in Hunan Province, China. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod. 41: 543–546.
Loeurng, V. 2016. Challenge and Prevalence of Fasciolosis in Cattle in Pursat Province, Cambodia. IJERD. 7: 70-76.
Lowther, J., M. W. Robinson, S. M. Donnelly, W. Xu, C.M. Stack, J. M. Matthews, and J. P. Dalton. 2009. The Importance of pH in regulating the function of the Fasciola hepatica Cathepsin L1 Cysteine Protease. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 3: 369-380.
Lukambagire, A. H. S., D. N. Mchaile, and M. Nyindo. 2015. Diagnosis of human fascioliasis in Arusha region, northern Tanzania by microscopy and clinical manifestations in patients. BMC. Infect. Dis. 15: 578-585.
Magaji, A. A., K. Ibrahim, M. D. Salihu, M. A. Saulawa, A. A. Mohammed, and A. I. Musawa. 2014. Prevalence of Fascioliasis in cattle slaughtered in Sokoto Metropolitan Abattoir, Sokoto, Nigeria. Advances in Epidemiology. 2014: 1-5.
Manga-Gonzalez Y., C. Gonzalez-Lanza, and C. B. Otero-Merino. 1991. Natural infection of Lymnaea truncatula by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica in the Porma Basin, Leon, NW Spain. 65:5-27.
Marcos, L., A. Terashima, G. Leguia, M. Canales, J. R. Espinoza, and E. Gotuzzo. 2007. Fasciola hepatica infection in Peru: an emergent disease. Rev. Gastroenterol. Peru. 27: 389-396.
Mas-Coma, M. S., J. G. Esteban, and M. D. Bargues. 1999. Epidemiology of human fascioliasis: a review and proposed new classification. Bull World Health Organ. 77: 340–346.
Mas-Coma, S., I. R. Funatsu, and M. D. Bargues. 2001. Fasciola hepatica and lymnaeid snails occurring at very high altitude in South America. Parasitol. 123:115-127.
Mas-Coma, S., M. D. Bargues, and M. A. Valero. 2005. Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses. Int. J. Parasitol. 35: 1255–1278.
Mas-Coma, S., M. A. Valero, M. D. Bargues, D. Rollinson, S. I. Hay. 2009. Fasciola, lymnaeids and human fascioliasis, with a global overview on disease transmission, epidemiology, evolutionary genetics, molecular epidemiology and control. Adv Parasitol. 69:41–146.
Mas-Coma, S., M. D. Bargues, and M. A. Valero. 2018. Human fascioliasis infection sources, their diversity, incidence factors, analytical methods and prevention measures. Parasitol. 145:1665-1699.
Martínez-Valladares, M., D. Robles-Perez, J. M. Martinez-Perez, C. Cordero-Perez, M.R. Famularo, N. Fernandez-Pato, C. Gonzalez-Lanza, L. Castanon-Ordonez, and F. A. Rojo-Vazquez. 2013. Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes and Fasciola hepatica in sheep in the northwest of Spain: relation to climatic conditions and/or man-made environmental modifications. Parasit. Vector. 6:282.
Mehmood, K., H. Zhang, A.J. Sabir, R. Z. Abbas, M. Ijaz, A. Z. Durrani, M. H. Saleem, M. U. Rehman, M. K. Iqbal, Y. Wang, H. I. Ahmad., T. Abbas, R. Hussain, M. T. Ghori., S. Ali, A. U. Khan, and J. Li. 2017. A review on epidemiology, global prevalence and economical losses of fasciolosis in ruminants. Microbial Pathogenesis. 109:253-262.
Molloy, J. B., and G. R. Anderson. 2006. The distribution of Fasciola hepatica in Queensland, Australia, and the potential impact of introduced snail intermediate hosts. Vet. Parasitol. 137:62-66.
Morel, A. M., and S. N. Mahato. 1987. Epidemiology of fascioliasis in the Koshi hills of Nepal. Trop Anim. Health. Prod. 19: 33-38.
Moussouni, L., M. Benhanifia, M. Saidi, and A. Ayad. 2018. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasitism Infections in Cattle of Bass Kabylie Area: Case of Bejaia Province, Algeria. Mac. Vet. Rev. 41: 73-82.
Mucheka, V. T., J. M. Lamb, D. M. Pfukenyi, and S. Mukaratirwa. 2015. DNA sequence analyses reveal co-occurrence of novel haplotypes of Fasciola gigantica with F. hepatica in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Vet. Parasitol. 214: 144-151.
Mungube, E. O., S.M. Bauni, B.A. Tenhagen, L.W. Wamae, J.M. Nginyi, and J.M. Mugambi. The prevalence and economic significance of Fasciola gigantica and Stilesia hepatica in slaughtered animals in the semi-arid coastal Kenya. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod. 38: 475-483.
Munguia-Xochihua, J. A., F. Ibarra-Velarde, A. Ducoing-Watty, N. Montenegro-Cristino, and H. Quiroz-Romero. 2007. Prevalence of Fasciola hepatica (ELISA and fecal analysis) in ruminants from a semi-desert area in the northwest of Mexico. Parasitol. Res. 101:127–130.
Mwabonimana, M. F., A. A. Kassuku, H. A. Ngowi, L. S. B. Mellau, H. E. Nonga, and E. D. Karimuribo. 2009. Prevalence and economic significance of bovine fasciolosis in slaughtered cattle at Arusha abattoir, Tanzania. Tanz. Vet. J. 26: 68-74.
Mzembe, S. A. T., and M. A. Chaudry. 1979. The epidemiology of fascioliasis in Malawi: I. the epidemiology in the intermediate host. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod. 11: 246-250.
Nguyena, T. G. T., T, H. Leb, T. H. T. Daoa, T, L. H. Tranc, N. Praet, N. Speybroeck, J. Vercruysse, and P. Dorny. 2011. Bovine fasciolosis in the human fasciolosis hyperendemic Binh Dinh province in Central Vietnam. Acta. Tropica. 117:19-22.
Nguyen, S. T., D. T. Nguyen, T. V. Nguyen, V. V. Huynh, D. Q. Le, Y. Fukuda, and Y. Nakai. 2012. Prevalence of Fasciola in cattle and of its intermediate host Lymnaea snails in central Vietnam. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod. 44: 1847–1853.
Nguyen, N. T., T. C. Le, M. D. Vo, H. V. Cao, L. T. Nguyen, K. T. Ho, Q. N. Nguyen, V. Q. Tran, and Y. Matsumoto. 2017. High prevence of cattle fascioliasis in coastal areas of Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 6: 1035-1042.
Nyindo, M., and A.H. Lukambagire. 2015. Fascioliasis: An Ongoing Zoonotic Trematode Infection. Bio. Med. Res. Int. 2015: 1-8.
Novobilský, A., and J. Hoglund. 2015. First report of closantel treatment failure against Fasciola hepatica in cattle. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs. Drug.Resist. 5: 172-177.
Novobilsky, A., N. A. Solis., M. Skarin, and J. Hoglund. 2016. Assessment of flukicide efficacy against Fasciola hepatica in sheep in Sweden in the absence of a standardised test. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs. Drug.Resist. 6: 141-147.
Olsen, A., K. Frankena, R. Bødker, N. Toft, S.M. Thamsborg, H.L. Enemark, and T. Halasa. 2015. Prevalence, risk factors and spatial analysis of liver fluke infections in Danish cattle herds. Parasit. Vectors. 8:160-169.
Pandey, V.S. 1983. Observations on Fasciola hepatica in donkeys from Morocco. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 77:159-162.
Pfukenyi, D. M., and S. Mukaratirwa. 2004. A retrospective study of the prevalence and seasonal variation of Fasciola gigantica in cattle slaughtered in the major abattoirs of Zimbabwe between 1990 and 1999. J. Vet. Res. 71:181-7.
Phiri, A. M., I. K. Phiri, C. S. Sikasunge, and J. Monrad. 2005. Prevalence of fasciolosis in Zambian cattle observed at selected abattoirs with emphasis on age, sex and origin. J. Vet. Med. B. Infect. Dis. Vet. Public. Health. 52: 414-416.
Phalee, A., C. Wongsawad – Asian. 2014. Prevalence of infection and molecular confirmation by using ITS-2 region of Fasciola gigantica found in domestic cattle from Chiang Mai province, Thailand. Asian. Pac. J. Trop. Med. 7: 207-211.
Pinzon, E. G., J. P. Cardenas, S. A. Marin, and S. L. Villalba. Prevalence of bovine Fasciolosis in a zone of CaldasColombia with evidences of the disease. rev.udcaactual.divulg.cient. 19: 139-148.
Phomhaksa, S., C. Thamrongyoswittayakul, A. Chanlun, S. Chanlun, N. Somphol, C. Yeanpet. 2012. Prevalence of Fasciola gigantica Infestation in Beef Cattle at Nongduang Slaughterhouse in Vientiane Capital of Lao People’s Democratic Republic Using an iELISA Approach. KKU. Vet. J. 22:155-166.
Rapsch, C., G. Schweizer, F. Grimm, L. Kohler, C. Bauer, P. Deplazes, U. Braun and P. R. Torgerson. 2006. Estimating the true prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in cattle slaughtered in Switzerland in the absence of an absolute diagnostic test. Int. J. Parasitol. 36: 1153-1158.
Rinaldi, L., V. Musella, V. Veneziano, R. U.Condoleo, and G. Cringoli. 2009. Helmintic infections in water buffaloes on Italian farms: a spatial analysis. Geospat. Health. 3: 233-239.
Roberts, J.A. and Suhardono. 1996. Approaches to the control of fasciolosis in ruminants. Int. J. Parasitol. 26:971-81.
Rondelaud, D., P. Vignoles, M. Abrous, and G. Dreyfuss. 2001. The definitive and intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica in the natural watercress beds in central France. Parasitol Res. 87: 475-478.
Rondelaud, D., P. Vignoles, C. Vareille-Morel, and M. Abrous. 2004. Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum daubneyi: field observations on the transport and outcome of floating metacercariae in running water. J. Helminthol. 78: 173-177.
Sah, R. P., H. K. Prasai, J. Shrestha, M. H. Talukder, A. A. Rahman., and R. B. Sah. 2018. Seasonal and altitudinal prevalence of Fascioliasis in buffalo in Eastern Nepal. J. Nep. Agri. Res. Coun. 4: 48-53.
Sah, R., S. Khadka, P.J. Lakhey, S. Pradhan, N.P. Shah, Y.P. Singh, and S. Mas-Coma. 2018. Human case of Fasciola gigantica-like infection, review of human fascioliasis reports in Nepal, and epidemiological analysis within the South Central Asia. Acta. Parasitologica. 63: 435-443.
Saijuntha, W., C. Tantrawatpan, T. Agatsuma, C. Wang, P. M. Intapane, W. Maleewong, T. N. Petney. 2018. Revealing genetic hybridization and DNA recombination of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica in nuclear introns of the hybrid Fasciola flukes. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 223: 31-36.
Salimi-Bejestani, M. R., R. G. Daniel, S. M. Felstead, P. J. Cripps, H. Mahmoody, and D. J. L. Williams. 2005. Prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in dairy herds in England and Wales measured with an ELISA applied to bulk-tank milk. Vet. Rec. 156: 729-731.
Salzer, H. J. F., and S. Schmiedel. 2015. Fasciola hepatica in a German Traveler Returning from Thailand. J. Travel. Medicine. 5:1309-1312.
Sanchez-Andrade, R., A. Paz-Silva, J. Suarez, R. Panadero, P. Diez-Banos, and P. Morrondo. 2000. Use of a sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SEA) for the diagnosis of natural Fasciola hepatica infection in cattle from Galicia (NW Spain). Vet. Parasitol. 93: 39-46.
Sarkari, B., N. Ghobakhloo, A. A. Moshfea, and O. Eilami. 2012. Seroprevalence of human Fasciolosis in a New-Emerging focus of Fasciolosis in Yasuj District, Southwest of Iran. Iran. J. Parasitol. 7:15-20.
Shafiei, R., B. Sarkari, S. B. Sadjjadi, G. R. Mowlavi, and A. Moshfe. 2014. Morphological Characterization of Fasciola spp. Isolated from Different Host Species in a Newly Emerging Focus of Human Fascioliasis in Iran. Vet. Med. Int. 2014: 1-10.
Silva, E. P., C. C. Freitas, L. V. Dutra, and M. B. Molento. 2016. Assessing the risk of bovine fasciolosis using linear regression analysis for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 217: 7-13.
Slifko, T. R., H. V. Smith, and B. Rosea. 2000. Emerging parasite zoonoses associated with water and food. Int. J. Parasitol. 30:1379-1393.
Sobhorn, P., S. Anantavara, T. Dangprasert, V. Viyanant, D. Krailas, E.S. Upatham, C. Wanichanon, and T. Kusamran. 1998. Fasciola gigantica: studies of the tegument as a basis for the developments of immunodiagnosis and vaccine. South. East. Asian. J. Trop. Med. Public. Health. 29: 387-400.
Soliman, M. F. M. 2008. Epidemiological review of human and animal fascioliasis in Egypt. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 2:182-189.
Souza, C.P., K. G. Magalhaes, L. K. J. Passos, G. C. P. Santos, F. Ribeiro, and N. Katz. 2002. Aspects of the Maintenance of the Life Cycle of Fasciola hepatica in Lymnaea columella in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo. Cruz. 97: 407-410.
Srihakim, S., and M. Pholpark. 1991. Problem of fascioliasis in animal husbandry in Thailand. Med Assoc. 40:352-355.
Srimuzipo, P., C. Komalamisra, W. Choocho, A. Jitpakdi, P. Vanichthanakom, P. Keha, D. Riyong, K. Sukontasan, N. Komalamisra, K. Sukontasan, and P. Tippawangkosol. 2000. Comparative morphometry, morphology of egg and adult surface topography under light and scanning electron microscopies, and metaphase karyotype among three size-races of fasciola gigantica in Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 31: 366-371.
Tasawar, Z., U. Munir, C. S. Hayat, and M. H. Lashari. 2007. Prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in goats around Multan. Pakistan Vet. J. 27: 5-7.
Tikuye, S. 2017. Study on prevalence ruminant Fasciolosis and its associated risk factor Kombolcha North East Ethiopia. J. Vet. Sci. Technol. 8:4.
Tsega, M., S. Dereso, and A. Getu. 2015. A review on ruminant Fasciolosis. Open Access Library Journal. 2: 1655-1652.
Tum, S., M. L. Puotinen, and D. B Copeman. 2004. .A geographic information systems model for mapping risk of fasciolosis in cattle and buffaloes in Cambodia. Vet. Parasitol. 122: 141-149.
Ullah, I., M. F. Nisar, A. A. K. Jadoon, and S. Tabassum. 2016. Prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in domesticatedcattle of district Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Asian J. Anim. Sci. 10: 85-91.
Walker, S. M., A. E. Makundi, F. V. Namuba, A. A., and Kassuku. 2008. The distribution of Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantica within southern Tanzania – constraints associated with the intermediate host. Parasitology. 135: 495-503.
Wamae, L. W., J. O. Ongare, M. A. K. Ihiga, and M. Mahaga. 1990. Epidemiology of fasciolosis on a ranch in the central rift valley, Kenya. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod. 22: 132-134.
Yakhchali, M., R. Malekzadeh-viayeh, A. Imani-baran, and K. Mardani. 2015. Morphological and molecular discrimination of Fasciola species isolated from domestic ruminnts of Urmia city, Iran. Iran. J. Parasitol. 10:46-55.
Yatswako, S., and N. B. Alhaji. 2017. Survey of bovine fasciolosis burdens in trade cattle slaughtered at abattoirs in North-central Nigeria: The associated predisposing factors and economic implication. Parasite. Epidemiol. Control. 2: 30–39.
Yildirim, A., A. Ica, O. Duzlu, and A. Inci. 2007. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Fasciola hepatica in cattle from Kayseri province, Turkey. Revue Med. Vet. 158: 613-617.
Yilma, J. M., A. Mesfin. 2000. Dry season bovine fasciolosis in Northwestern part of Ethiopia. Revue Med. Vet. 151: 493-500.
Youn, H. 2009. Review of Zoonotic Parasites in Medical and Veterinary Fields in the Republic of Korea. Korean. J. Parasitol. 47: S133-S141.