Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings growth
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ส.ค. 26, 2020
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Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi are mutualistic symbiotic with plant roots of around 80% vascular plants, including corn and cocoa. This study aimed to identify and inoculate of AM fungi to cocoa seedlings growth. Cocoa seedlings were planted on polybag with sterilized peat-moss for 20 weeks in green house. Two species of AM fungi, Glomus constrictum and Acaulospora spinosa were identified by using morphological and molecular markers. Results of molecular method showed that PCR technique with ALF01 and NDL22 primers were detected in all isolates with sequence analysis around 350bp PCR band. Interaction between AM fungi and low phosphate fertilizer had significantly effect on growth of cocoa seedlings concerning to seedling height, leaves number and stem diameter. Glomus constrictum and 2 g of NPK showed higher response in all parameters than without AM fungi and NPK fertilizer.
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References
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Azcon-Aguilar, C., and J.M. Barea. 1997. Applying mycorrhiza biotechnology to horticulture: Significance and potentials. Sci. Hortic. Amsterdam. 68: 1–24.
Azizah, C. H., and P. Ragu. 1986. Growth response of Theobroma cacao L. Seedlings to inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil. 96: 279-285.
Bago, B., and C. Azcón-Aguilar. 1997. Changes in the rhizospheric pH induced by arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in onion (Allium cepa L.). Z. Pflanrenernähr. Bodenk. 160: 333-339.
Bethlenfalvay, G.J., M.S. Brown, R.N. Ames, and S. Thomas. 1988. Effects of drought on host and endophyte development in mycorrhizal soybeans in relation to water use and phosphate uptake. Physiol. Plant. 72: 565-571.
Bolan, N.S. 1991. A critical review on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the uptake of phosphorus by plants. Plant Soil. 134: 189-207.
Brundrett, M., N. Bougher, B. Dell, T. Grove, and N. Malajzuk. 1996. Working with mycorrhizas in forestry and agriculture. ACIAR. Peter Lynch (Ed.) Pirie Printers, Canberra, Australia.
Bryla, D.R., and J.M. Duniway. 1997. Effects of mycorrhizal infection on drought tolerance and recovery in sunflower and wheat. Plant Soil. 197: 95-103.
Clapp, J. P., A. Rodriguez, and J.C. Dodd. 2001. Inter- and Intra-isolate rRNA large subunit variation in Glomus coronatum spores. New Phytol. 149: 539-554.
Clapp, J. P., H. Fitter, and J. P. W. Young. 1999. Ribosomal small subunit sequence variation within spores of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Scutellospora sp. Mol. Ecol. 8: 915–921.
Clark, R.B., and S.K. Zeto. 2000. Mineral Acquisition by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants. J. Plant Nutr. 23: 867–902.
Darma, A., W., and Soviana. 2014. Challenges towards sustainable cocoa production in Indonesia. P. 281. In: International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development Topic Bridging the Gap between Increasing Knowledge and Decreasing Resources on 17-19 September 2014, held at Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czechia.
Dickie, L.A., and R.G. Fitz John. 2007. Using Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) to identify mycorrhizal fungi: A methods review. Mycorrhiza. 17: 259-270.
Gamper, H., and A. Leuchtmann. 2007. Taxon-specific PCR primers to detect two inconspicuous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from temperate agricultural grassland. Mycorrhiza. 17: 145-152.
Gerdemann, J. W., and T. H. Nicolson. 1963. Spores of mycorrhizal endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Fungal Biol. 46: 235-244.
Gianinazzi, S., and V. Gianinazzi-Pearson. 1986. Progress and headaches in endomycorrhiza biotechnology. Symbiosis. 2: 139-149.
Harney, S.K., F.S. Edwards, and M.F. Allen 1997. Identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from Artemisia californica using the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Mycologia. 89: 547-550.
International culture collection of (vesicular) arbuscular mychorrhizal fungi (INVAM). 2019. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Available: http://invam.caf.wvu.edu/fungi/taxonomy/nomenclature.htm. Accessed Sept. 18, 2019.
Li, X.L., E. George, H. Marschner. 1991. Extension of the phosphorus depletion zone in VA mycorrhizal white clover in a calcareous soil. Plant Soil 136: 41–48.
Lu, S.L, P.G. Braunberger, and M.H. Miller. 1994. Response of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas of maize to various rates of P addition to different rooting zones. Plant Soil. 158:119-128.
Miyakasa, S. C., and M. Habte. 2001. Plant mechanisms and mycorrhizal symbioses to increase phosphorus uptake efficiency. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32:1101-1147.
Morton, J.B., and G.L. Benny. 1990. Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): a new order, Glomales, two new suborders, Glomineae and Gigasporineae, and two families, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae, with an emendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon. 37: 471–491.
Mosse, B. 1991. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. Research for Tropical Agriculture, Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii.
Muchovej, R.M. 2002. Importance of mycorrhizae for agricultural crops. Available: http://edis.ifas.u#.edu/ag116. Accessed Sept. 18, 2019.
Parniske, M. 2008. Arbuscular mycorrhiza: The mother of plant root endosymbioses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6: 763–775.
Renker, C., K. Weißhuhn, H. Kellner, and F. Buscot. 2006. Rationalizing molecular analysis of field-collected roots for assessing diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: to Pool, or Not to Pool, that is the question. Mycorrhiza. 16: 525-531.
Schactman, D. P., R.J. Reid, and S.M. Ayling. 1998. Phosphate uptake by plants: From soil to cell. Plant Physiol. 116: 447–453.
Schenck, N.C., and Y. Pérez . 1988. A Manual for Identification of VA Mycorrhizal Fungi in VAM, 2nded. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Schuessler, A., D. Schwarzott, and C. Walker. 2001. A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: Phylogeny and Evolution. Mycol. Res. 105: 1413-1421.
Smith, S. E., and D.J. Read. 1997. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 2nded. Academic Press, London.
Subramanian, K.S., and C. Charest. 1997. Nutritional, growth and reproductive responses of maize (Zea mays L.) to arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation during and after drought stress at tasseling. Mycorrhiza. 7: 25-32.
Sweatt, M.R., and T.J.F. Davies. 1984. Mycorrhizae, water relations, growth and nutrient uptake of geranium grown under moderately high phosphorus regimes. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 109: 210-213.
Theodoru, M.E. and W.C. Plaxton. 1993. Metabolic adaptasions of plant respiration to nutritional phosphate deprivation. Plan t Physiol. 101: 339-344.
Vassilev, N., I. Franco, M. Vassileva, and R. Azcon. 1996. Improved plant growth with rock phosphate solubilized by Aspergillus niger grown on sugar beet waste. Bioresour. Technol. 55: 237-241.
Witjaksono, J., A. 2016. Cocoa farming system in Indonesia and its sustainability under climate change. Agric. For. Fish. 5: 170-180.
Azcon-Aguilar, C., and J.M. Barea. 1997. Applying mycorrhiza biotechnology to horticulture: Significance and potentials. Sci. Hortic. Amsterdam. 68: 1–24.
Azizah, C. H., and P. Ragu. 1986. Growth response of Theobroma cacao L. Seedlings to inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil. 96: 279-285.
Bago, B., and C. Azcón-Aguilar. 1997. Changes in the rhizospheric pH induced by arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in onion (Allium cepa L.). Z. Pflanrenernähr. Bodenk. 160: 333-339.
Bethlenfalvay, G.J., M.S. Brown, R.N. Ames, and S. Thomas. 1988. Effects of drought on host and endophyte development in mycorrhizal soybeans in relation to water use and phosphate uptake. Physiol. Plant. 72: 565-571.
Bolan, N.S. 1991. A critical review on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the uptake of phosphorus by plants. Plant Soil. 134: 189-207.
Brundrett, M., N. Bougher, B. Dell, T. Grove, and N. Malajzuk. 1996. Working with mycorrhizas in forestry and agriculture. ACIAR. Peter Lynch (Ed.) Pirie Printers, Canberra, Australia.
Bryla, D.R., and J.M. Duniway. 1997. Effects of mycorrhizal infection on drought tolerance and recovery in sunflower and wheat. Plant Soil. 197: 95-103.
Clapp, J. P., A. Rodriguez, and J.C. Dodd. 2001. Inter- and Intra-isolate rRNA large subunit variation in Glomus coronatum spores. New Phytol. 149: 539-554.
Clapp, J. P., H. Fitter, and J. P. W. Young. 1999. Ribosomal small subunit sequence variation within spores of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Scutellospora sp. Mol. Ecol. 8: 915–921.
Clark, R.B., and S.K. Zeto. 2000. Mineral Acquisition by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants. J. Plant Nutr. 23: 867–902.
Darma, A., W., and Soviana. 2014. Challenges towards sustainable cocoa production in Indonesia. P. 281. In: International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development Topic Bridging the Gap between Increasing Knowledge and Decreasing Resources on 17-19 September 2014, held at Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czechia.
Dickie, L.A., and R.G. Fitz John. 2007. Using Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) to identify mycorrhizal fungi: A methods review. Mycorrhiza. 17: 259-270.
Gamper, H., and A. Leuchtmann. 2007. Taxon-specific PCR primers to detect two inconspicuous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from temperate agricultural grassland. Mycorrhiza. 17: 145-152.
Gerdemann, J. W., and T. H. Nicolson. 1963. Spores of mycorrhizal endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Fungal Biol. 46: 235-244.
Gianinazzi, S., and V. Gianinazzi-Pearson. 1986. Progress and headaches in endomycorrhiza biotechnology. Symbiosis. 2: 139-149.
Harney, S.K., F.S. Edwards, and M.F. Allen 1997. Identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from Artemisia californica using the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Mycologia. 89: 547-550.
International culture collection of (vesicular) arbuscular mychorrhizal fungi (INVAM). 2019. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Available: http://invam.caf.wvu.edu/fungi/taxonomy/nomenclature.htm. Accessed Sept. 18, 2019.
Li, X.L., E. George, H. Marschner. 1991. Extension of the phosphorus depletion zone in VA mycorrhizal white clover in a calcareous soil. Plant Soil 136: 41–48.
Lu, S.L, P.G. Braunberger, and M.H. Miller. 1994. Response of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas of maize to various rates of P addition to different rooting zones. Plant Soil. 158:119-128.
Miyakasa, S. C., and M. Habte. 2001. Plant mechanisms and mycorrhizal symbioses to increase phosphorus uptake efficiency. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32:1101-1147.
Morton, J.B., and G.L. Benny. 1990. Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): a new order, Glomales, two new suborders, Glomineae and Gigasporineae, and two families, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae, with an emendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon. 37: 471–491.
Mosse, B. 1991. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. Research for Tropical Agriculture, Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii.
Muchovej, R.M. 2002. Importance of mycorrhizae for agricultural crops. Available: http://edis.ifas.u#.edu/ag116. Accessed Sept. 18, 2019.
Parniske, M. 2008. Arbuscular mycorrhiza: The mother of plant root endosymbioses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6: 763–775.
Renker, C., K. Weißhuhn, H. Kellner, and F. Buscot. 2006. Rationalizing molecular analysis of field-collected roots for assessing diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: to Pool, or Not to Pool, that is the question. Mycorrhiza. 16: 525-531.
Schactman, D. P., R.J. Reid, and S.M. Ayling. 1998. Phosphate uptake by plants: From soil to cell. Plant Physiol. 116: 447–453.
Schenck, N.C., and Y. Pérez . 1988. A Manual for Identification of VA Mycorrhizal Fungi in VAM, 2nded. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Schuessler, A., D. Schwarzott, and C. Walker. 2001. A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: Phylogeny and Evolution. Mycol. Res. 105: 1413-1421.
Smith, S. E., and D.J. Read. 1997. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 2nded. Academic Press, London.
Subramanian, K.S., and C. Charest. 1997. Nutritional, growth and reproductive responses of maize (Zea mays L.) to arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation during and after drought stress at tasseling. Mycorrhiza. 7: 25-32.
Sweatt, M.R., and T.J.F. Davies. 1984. Mycorrhizae, water relations, growth and nutrient uptake of geranium grown under moderately high phosphorus regimes. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 109: 210-213.
Theodoru, M.E. and W.C. Plaxton. 1993. Metabolic adaptasions of plant respiration to nutritional phosphate deprivation. Plan t Physiol. 101: 339-344.
Vassilev, N., I. Franco, M. Vassileva, and R. Azcon. 1996. Improved plant growth with rock phosphate solubilized by Aspergillus niger grown on sugar beet waste. Bioresour. Technol. 55: 237-241.
Witjaksono, J., A. 2016. Cocoa farming system in Indonesia and its sustainability under climate change. Agric. For. Fish. 5: 170-180.