Performance and challenges of agriculture cooperatives in Bhutan
Article Sidebar
เผยแพร่แล้ว:
ต.ค. 23, 2020
Main Article Content
บทคัดย่อ
Bhutan promotes agriculture cooperatives (ACs) to deliver farmers with the associated benefits. However, the performance of ACs, factors affecting performance, and challenges of ACs are unknown due to the scarcity of empirical studies. Thus, this study assessed the performance of ACs, relationship between performance of ACs and their organisational characteristics, and challenges of ACs. characteristics. Data were collected through a census of 30 ACs in Central Bhutan using focused group discussions, structured questionnaires, field observations, and informal interviews. Quantitative data analysis involved descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and the Spearman’s correlation. Results of the cooperative performance index showed that 60% of ACs were poor performers. The Spearman’s correlation coefficients revealed that the performance of ACs showed a positive and significant relationship with size (1) and age (2) of ACs, education (3) and leadership experience (4) of the chairperson, trust (5) and participation (6) of members, and government supports (7). Thematic analysis revealed challenges, including poor market, production issues like inaccessible to inputs, and weak group cohesion among members hinder the performance of ACs in Bhutan. This study suggests concerned authorities promote contract farmings, value addition of products, product processing, education, and training to boost ACs in Bhutan.
Article Details
How to Cite
บท
บทความวิจัย (research article)
References
Adrian, J. L., and T. W. Green. 2001. Agricultural Cooperative Managers and the Business Environment. J. Agribus. 19: 17-34.
Agarwal, B. 2001. Participatory Exclusions, Community Forestry, and Gender: An Analysis for South Asia and a Conceptual Framework. World Development. 29: 1623-1648.
Agrawal, S. S. 2014. Need of Professional Management in Cooperative Sector. In Thait, M. K. and Ahirrao, J. (Eds.), Agriculture, Cooperative and Rural Development India: Laxmi Book Publication.
Amponsah, W. A. 1995. Computer Adoption and Use of Information Services by North Carolina Commercial Farmers. J. Agr. Appl. Econ. 27: 565-576.
Banaszak, I. 2008. Determinants of Successful Cooperation in Agricultural Markets: Evidence from Producer Groups in Poland. In Strategy and Governance of Networks. pp. 27-46. Springer.
Barham, J., and C. Chitemi. 2009. Collective Action Initiatives to Improve Marketing Performance: Lessons from Farmer Groups in Tanzania. Food Policy. 34: 53-59.
Bijman, J., G. Hendrikse, and A. van Oijen. 2013. Accommodating Two Worlds in One Organisation: Changing Board Models in Agricultural Cooperatives. Manage. Decis. Econ. 34: 204-217.
Bond, J. K. 2009. Cooperative Financial Performance and Board of Director Characteristics: A Quantitative Investigation. J. Coop. 22: 22-44.
Borgen, S. O. 2001. Identification as a Trust‐Generating Mechanism in Cooperatives. Ann. Public. Coop. Econ. 72: 209-228.
Bruynis, C., P. Goldsmith, D. E. Hahn, and W. J. Taylor. 2001. Key Success Factors for Emerging Agricultural Marketing Cooperatives. J. Coop. 16: 14-24.
Cai, R., W. Ma, and Y. Su. 2016. Effects of Member Size and Selective Incentives of Agricultural Cooperatives on Product Quality. Brit. Food. J. 118: 858-870.
Cook, M. L. 1994. The Role of Management Behavior in Agricultural Cooperatives. J. Agric. Coop. 9: 1-17.
Coote, L. V., E. J. Forrest, and T. W. Tam. 2003. An Investigation into Commitment in Non-Western Industrial Marketing Relationships. Ind. Market. Manag. 32: 595-604.
Cox, A., and V. Le. 2014. Governmental Influences on the Evolution of Agricultural Cooperatives in Vietnam: An Institutional Perspective with Case Studies. Asia. Pac. Bus. Rev. 20: 401-418.
DAMC. 2018. Summary of Cooperatives. Available: http://www.agrimarket.gov.bt/public/farmer/summary/type/1. Accessed 2 March 2019.
Dess, G. G., and J. D. Shaw. 2001. Voluntary Turnover, Social Capital, and Organizational Performance. Acad. Manage. Rev. 26: 446-456.
Dunn, J., A. Crooks, D. Frederick, T. Kennedy, and J. Wadsworth. 2002. Agricultural Cooperatives in the 21st Century. United States Department of Agriculture.
Eriksson, J., and M. Li. 2012. Success Factors of Entrepreneurial Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in the Gnosjö Municipality. (Master Thesis), Mälardalen University (EFO 705).
Food and Agriculture Organisation. 2011. Agricultural Cooperatives Are Key to Reducing Hunger and Poverty. Available: http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/93816/icode/. Accessed 12 March 2019.
Fischer, E., and M. Qaim. 2012. Gender, Agricultural Commercialization, and Collective Action in Kenya. Food Security. 4: 441-453.
Flygare, S. 2006. The Cooperative Challenge: Farmer Cooperation and the Politics of Agricultural Modernisation in 21st Century Uganda. (Ph.D Dissertation), Uppsala University, Sweden.
Gall, R. G., and Schroder, B. 2006. Agricultural Producer Cooperatives as Strategic Alliances. Int. Food. Agribus. Man. 9(4): 26-44.
Garnevska, E., G. Liu, and N. M. Shadbolt. 2011. Factors for Successful Development of Farmer Cooperatives in Northwest China. Int. Food. Agribus. Man. 14: 69-84.
Granovetter, M. 2005. The Impact of Social Structure on Economic Outcomes. J Econ Perspect. 19: 33-50.
Gutema, A. K. 2014. The Role of Leadership on Agricultural Cooperatives Performance: A Case Study of Selected Coffee Famers Cooperatives in Ethiopia. (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of South Africa.
Hansen, M. H., J. L. Morrow Jr, and J. C. Batista. 2002. The Impact of Trust on Cooperative Membership Retention, Performance, and Satisfaction: An Exploratory Study. Int. Food. Agribus. Man. 5: 41-59.
Herrmann, P., and D. K. Datta. 2002. Ceo Successor Characteristics and the Choice of Foreign Market Entry Mode: An Empirical Study. J. Int. Bus. Stud. 33: 551-569.
Hsu, W.-T., H.-L. Chen, and C.-Y. Cheng. 2013. Internationalization and Firm Performance of SMEs: The Moderating Effects of Ceo Attributes. J. World. Bus. 48: 1-12.
Johnston, D. A., D. M. McCutcheon, F. I. Stuart, and H. Kerwood. 2004. Effects of Supplier Trust on Performance of Cooperative Supplier Relationships. J. Oper. Manag. 22: 23-38.
Krasachat, W., and K. Chimkul. 2009. Performance Measurement of Agricultural Cooperatives in Thailand: An Accounting-Based Data Envelopment Analysis. In Lee, J.-D. and Heshmati, A. (Eds.), Productivity, Efficiency, and Economic Growth in the Asia-Pacific Region. pp. 255-266. German: Springer.
Liang, Q., Z. Huang, H. Lu, and X. Wang. 2015. Social Capital, Member Participation, and Cooperative Performance: Evidence from China’s Zhejiang. Int. Food. Agribus. Man. 18: 49-78.
Martins, D. M., A. C. d. Faria, L. C. Prearo, and A. G. S. Arruda. 2017. The Level of Influence of Trust, Commitment, Cooperation, and Power in the Interorganizational Relationships of Brazilian Credit Cooperatives. Revista de Administração. 52: 47-58.
Mishra, A., C. Wilson, and R. Williams. 2009. Factors Affecting Financial Performance of New and Beginning Farmers. Agr, Finance. Rev. 69: 160-179.
Mkpado, M., and C. Arene. 2007. Effects of Democratization of Group Administration on the Sustainability of Agricultural Micro Credit Groups in Nigeria. Int. J. Rural. Stud. 14: 1-9.
Nkuranga, T., and K. Wilcox. 2013. Cooperative Performance Index: Field Results and Analysis: USAID - Enabling Market Integration through Rural Group Empowerment EMIRGE). Rwanda: United States Agency for International Development and CHF International.
Nugusse, W. Z., G. V. Huylenbroeck, and J. Buysse. 2013. Household Food Security through Cooperatives in Northern Ethiopia. Int. J. Coop. Stud. 2: 34-44.
Nyoro, J. K., and I. K. Ngugi. 2007. A Qualitative Analysis of Success and Failure Factors of Agricultural Cooperatives in Central Kenya. In Barrett, C. B., Mude, A. G., and Omiti, J. M. (Eds.), Decentralization the Social Economics of Development: Lessons from Kenya. pp. 13-22. London: CAB International.
O’Regan, K., and S. M. Oster. 2005. Does the Structure and Composition of the Board Matter? The Case of Nonprofit Organizations. J. Law. Econ. Organ. 21: 205-227.
Ortmann, G. F., and R. P. King. 2007. Agricultural Cooperatives Ii: Can They Facilitate Access of Small-Scale Farmers in South Africa to Input and Product Markets?. Agrekon. 46: 219-244.
Österberg, P., and J. Nilsson. 2009. Members’ Perception of Their Participation in the Governance of Cooperatives: The Key to Trust and Commitment in Agricultural Cooperatives. Agribusiness. 25: 181-197.
Othman, A., F. Kari, R. Jani, and R. Hamdan. 2012. Factors Influencing Cooperative Membership and Share Increment: An Application of the Logistic Regression Analysis in the Malaysian Cooperatives. World. Rev. Bus. Res. 2: 24-35.
Othman, A., N. Mansor, and F. Kari. 2014. Assessing the Performance of Co-Operatives in Malaysia: An Analysis of Co-Operative Groups Using a Data Envelopment Analysis Approach. Asia. Pac. Bus. Rev. 20: 484-505.
Persson, S. 2010. Organisational Constraints in Rural Development: Causes of Different Performance among Ugandan Cooperatives. (Master’s Degree Thesis), International Development and Management, Lund University.
Prakash, D. 2000. Development of Agricultural Cooperatives-Relevance of Japanese Experiences to Developing Countries. Paper presented at the 14th ICA-Japan International Training Course on Strengthening Management of Agricultural Cooperatives in Asia, IDACA-Japan.
Purves, N., S. J. Niblock, and K. Sloan. 2015. On the Relationship between Financial and Non-Financial Factors: A Case Study Analysis of Financial Failure Predictors of Agribusiness Firms in Australia. Agr. Finance. Rev. 75: 282-300.
Shan, Y. G., and L. Xu. 2012. Do Internal Governance Mechanisms Impact on Firm Performance? Empirical Evidence from the Financial Sector in China. J. Asia. Pac. Bus. 13: 114-142.
Sonam, T., and N. Martwanna. 2011. Smallholder Dairy Farmers’ Group Development in Bhutan: Strengthening Rural Communities through Group Mobilization. Khon Kaen Agr. J. 39: 413-428.
Staber, U. 1989. Age-Dependence and Historical Effects on the Failure Rates of Worker Cooperatives: An Event-History Analysis. Econ. Ind. Democracy. 10: 59-80.
Tashi, S., and K. Wangchuk. 2016. Organic Vs. Conventional Rice Production: Comparative Assessment under Farmers’ Condition in Bhutan. Org. Agr. 6: 255-265.
Tenzin, G., and K. Natsuda. 2016. Social Capital, Household Income, and Community Development in Bhutan: A Case Study of a Dairy Cooperative. Dev. Pract. 26: 467-480.
Tenzin, G., Otsuka, K. and K. Natsuda. 2015. Can Social Capital Reduce Poverty? A Study of Rural Households in Eastern Bhutan. Asian. Econ. J. 29: 243-264.
Thaba, K., F. Anim, and M. Tshikororo. 2016. Analysis of Factors Affecting Proper Functioning of Smallholder Agricultural Cooperatives in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. J. Hum. Ecol. 54: 150-157.
Ünal, V., H. Güçlüsoy, and R. Franquesa. 2009. A Comparative Study of Success and Failure of Fishery Cooperatives in the Aegean, Turkey. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 25: 394-400.
Wanyama, F., P. Develtere, and I. Pollet. 2008. Encountering the Evidence: Co-Operatives and Poverty Reduction in Africa. J. Coop. Stud. 41: 16-27.
Wiersema, M. F., and K. A. Bantel. 1992. Top Management Team Demography and Corporate Strategic Change. Acad. Manage. J. 35: 91-121.
Whitman, D. S., D. L. Van Rooy, and C. Viswesvaran. 2010. Satisfaction, Citizenship Behaviors, and Performance in Work Units: A Meta‐Analysis of Collective Construct Relations. Pers. Psychol. 63: 41-81.
Xiao, Y., X. Zheng, W. Pan, and X. Xie 2010. Trust, Relationship Commitment and Cooperative Performance: Supply Chain Management. Chin. Manag. Stud. 4: 231-243.
Agarwal, B. 2001. Participatory Exclusions, Community Forestry, and Gender: An Analysis for South Asia and a Conceptual Framework. World Development. 29: 1623-1648.
Agrawal, S. S. 2014. Need of Professional Management in Cooperative Sector. In Thait, M. K. and Ahirrao, J. (Eds.), Agriculture, Cooperative and Rural Development India: Laxmi Book Publication.
Amponsah, W. A. 1995. Computer Adoption and Use of Information Services by North Carolina Commercial Farmers. J. Agr. Appl. Econ. 27: 565-576.
Banaszak, I. 2008. Determinants of Successful Cooperation in Agricultural Markets: Evidence from Producer Groups in Poland. In Strategy and Governance of Networks. pp. 27-46. Springer.
Barham, J., and C. Chitemi. 2009. Collective Action Initiatives to Improve Marketing Performance: Lessons from Farmer Groups in Tanzania. Food Policy. 34: 53-59.
Bijman, J., G. Hendrikse, and A. van Oijen. 2013. Accommodating Two Worlds in One Organisation: Changing Board Models in Agricultural Cooperatives. Manage. Decis. Econ. 34: 204-217.
Bond, J. K. 2009. Cooperative Financial Performance and Board of Director Characteristics: A Quantitative Investigation. J. Coop. 22: 22-44.
Borgen, S. O. 2001. Identification as a Trust‐Generating Mechanism in Cooperatives. Ann. Public. Coop. Econ. 72: 209-228.
Bruynis, C., P. Goldsmith, D. E. Hahn, and W. J. Taylor. 2001. Key Success Factors for Emerging Agricultural Marketing Cooperatives. J. Coop. 16: 14-24.
Cai, R., W. Ma, and Y. Su. 2016. Effects of Member Size and Selective Incentives of Agricultural Cooperatives on Product Quality. Brit. Food. J. 118: 858-870.
Cook, M. L. 1994. The Role of Management Behavior in Agricultural Cooperatives. J. Agric. Coop. 9: 1-17.
Coote, L. V., E. J. Forrest, and T. W. Tam. 2003. An Investigation into Commitment in Non-Western Industrial Marketing Relationships. Ind. Market. Manag. 32: 595-604.
Cox, A., and V. Le. 2014. Governmental Influences on the Evolution of Agricultural Cooperatives in Vietnam: An Institutional Perspective with Case Studies. Asia. Pac. Bus. Rev. 20: 401-418.
DAMC. 2018. Summary of Cooperatives. Available: http://www.agrimarket.gov.bt/public/farmer/summary/type/1. Accessed 2 March 2019.
Dess, G. G., and J. D. Shaw. 2001. Voluntary Turnover, Social Capital, and Organizational Performance. Acad. Manage. Rev. 26: 446-456.
Dunn, J., A. Crooks, D. Frederick, T. Kennedy, and J. Wadsworth. 2002. Agricultural Cooperatives in the 21st Century. United States Department of Agriculture.
Eriksson, J., and M. Li. 2012. Success Factors of Entrepreneurial Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in the Gnosjö Municipality. (Master Thesis), Mälardalen University (EFO 705).
Food and Agriculture Organisation. 2011. Agricultural Cooperatives Are Key to Reducing Hunger and Poverty. Available: http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/93816/icode/. Accessed 12 March 2019.
Fischer, E., and M. Qaim. 2012. Gender, Agricultural Commercialization, and Collective Action in Kenya. Food Security. 4: 441-453.
Flygare, S. 2006. The Cooperative Challenge: Farmer Cooperation and the Politics of Agricultural Modernisation in 21st Century Uganda. (Ph.D Dissertation), Uppsala University, Sweden.
Gall, R. G., and Schroder, B. 2006. Agricultural Producer Cooperatives as Strategic Alliances. Int. Food. Agribus. Man. 9(4): 26-44.
Garnevska, E., G. Liu, and N. M. Shadbolt. 2011. Factors for Successful Development of Farmer Cooperatives in Northwest China. Int. Food. Agribus. Man. 14: 69-84.
Granovetter, M. 2005. The Impact of Social Structure on Economic Outcomes. J Econ Perspect. 19: 33-50.
Gutema, A. K. 2014. The Role of Leadership on Agricultural Cooperatives Performance: A Case Study of Selected Coffee Famers Cooperatives in Ethiopia. (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of South Africa.
Hansen, M. H., J. L. Morrow Jr, and J. C. Batista. 2002. The Impact of Trust on Cooperative Membership Retention, Performance, and Satisfaction: An Exploratory Study. Int. Food. Agribus. Man. 5: 41-59.
Herrmann, P., and D. K. Datta. 2002. Ceo Successor Characteristics and the Choice of Foreign Market Entry Mode: An Empirical Study. J. Int. Bus. Stud. 33: 551-569.
Hsu, W.-T., H.-L. Chen, and C.-Y. Cheng. 2013. Internationalization and Firm Performance of SMEs: The Moderating Effects of Ceo Attributes. J. World. Bus. 48: 1-12.
Johnston, D. A., D. M. McCutcheon, F. I. Stuart, and H. Kerwood. 2004. Effects of Supplier Trust on Performance of Cooperative Supplier Relationships. J. Oper. Manag. 22: 23-38.
Krasachat, W., and K. Chimkul. 2009. Performance Measurement of Agricultural Cooperatives in Thailand: An Accounting-Based Data Envelopment Analysis. In Lee, J.-D. and Heshmati, A. (Eds.), Productivity, Efficiency, and Economic Growth in the Asia-Pacific Region. pp. 255-266. German: Springer.
Liang, Q., Z. Huang, H. Lu, and X. Wang. 2015. Social Capital, Member Participation, and Cooperative Performance: Evidence from China’s Zhejiang. Int. Food. Agribus. Man. 18: 49-78.
Martins, D. M., A. C. d. Faria, L. C. Prearo, and A. G. S. Arruda. 2017. The Level of Influence of Trust, Commitment, Cooperation, and Power in the Interorganizational Relationships of Brazilian Credit Cooperatives. Revista de Administração. 52: 47-58.
Mishra, A., C. Wilson, and R. Williams. 2009. Factors Affecting Financial Performance of New and Beginning Farmers. Agr, Finance. Rev. 69: 160-179.
Mkpado, M., and C. Arene. 2007. Effects of Democratization of Group Administration on the Sustainability of Agricultural Micro Credit Groups in Nigeria. Int. J. Rural. Stud. 14: 1-9.
Nkuranga, T., and K. Wilcox. 2013. Cooperative Performance Index: Field Results and Analysis: USAID - Enabling Market Integration through Rural Group Empowerment EMIRGE). Rwanda: United States Agency for International Development and CHF International.
Nugusse, W. Z., G. V. Huylenbroeck, and J. Buysse. 2013. Household Food Security through Cooperatives in Northern Ethiopia. Int. J. Coop. Stud. 2: 34-44.
Nyoro, J. K., and I. K. Ngugi. 2007. A Qualitative Analysis of Success and Failure Factors of Agricultural Cooperatives in Central Kenya. In Barrett, C. B., Mude, A. G., and Omiti, J. M. (Eds.), Decentralization the Social Economics of Development: Lessons from Kenya. pp. 13-22. London: CAB International.
O’Regan, K., and S. M. Oster. 2005. Does the Structure and Composition of the Board Matter? The Case of Nonprofit Organizations. J. Law. Econ. Organ. 21: 205-227.
Ortmann, G. F., and R. P. King. 2007. Agricultural Cooperatives Ii: Can They Facilitate Access of Small-Scale Farmers in South Africa to Input and Product Markets?. Agrekon. 46: 219-244.
Österberg, P., and J. Nilsson. 2009. Members’ Perception of Their Participation in the Governance of Cooperatives: The Key to Trust and Commitment in Agricultural Cooperatives. Agribusiness. 25: 181-197.
Othman, A., F. Kari, R. Jani, and R. Hamdan. 2012. Factors Influencing Cooperative Membership and Share Increment: An Application of the Logistic Regression Analysis in the Malaysian Cooperatives. World. Rev. Bus. Res. 2: 24-35.
Othman, A., N. Mansor, and F. Kari. 2014. Assessing the Performance of Co-Operatives in Malaysia: An Analysis of Co-Operative Groups Using a Data Envelopment Analysis Approach. Asia. Pac. Bus. Rev. 20: 484-505.
Persson, S. 2010. Organisational Constraints in Rural Development: Causes of Different Performance among Ugandan Cooperatives. (Master’s Degree Thesis), International Development and Management, Lund University.
Prakash, D. 2000. Development of Agricultural Cooperatives-Relevance of Japanese Experiences to Developing Countries. Paper presented at the 14th ICA-Japan International Training Course on Strengthening Management of Agricultural Cooperatives in Asia, IDACA-Japan.
Purves, N., S. J. Niblock, and K. Sloan. 2015. On the Relationship between Financial and Non-Financial Factors: A Case Study Analysis of Financial Failure Predictors of Agribusiness Firms in Australia. Agr. Finance. Rev. 75: 282-300.
Shan, Y. G., and L. Xu. 2012. Do Internal Governance Mechanisms Impact on Firm Performance? Empirical Evidence from the Financial Sector in China. J. Asia. Pac. Bus. 13: 114-142.
Sonam, T., and N. Martwanna. 2011. Smallholder Dairy Farmers’ Group Development in Bhutan: Strengthening Rural Communities through Group Mobilization. Khon Kaen Agr. J. 39: 413-428.
Staber, U. 1989. Age-Dependence and Historical Effects on the Failure Rates of Worker Cooperatives: An Event-History Analysis. Econ. Ind. Democracy. 10: 59-80.
Tashi, S., and K. Wangchuk. 2016. Organic Vs. Conventional Rice Production: Comparative Assessment under Farmers’ Condition in Bhutan. Org. Agr. 6: 255-265.
Tenzin, G., and K. Natsuda. 2016. Social Capital, Household Income, and Community Development in Bhutan: A Case Study of a Dairy Cooperative. Dev. Pract. 26: 467-480.
Tenzin, G., Otsuka, K. and K. Natsuda. 2015. Can Social Capital Reduce Poverty? A Study of Rural Households in Eastern Bhutan. Asian. Econ. J. 29: 243-264.
Thaba, K., F. Anim, and M. Tshikororo. 2016. Analysis of Factors Affecting Proper Functioning of Smallholder Agricultural Cooperatives in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. J. Hum. Ecol. 54: 150-157.
Ünal, V., H. Güçlüsoy, and R. Franquesa. 2009. A Comparative Study of Success and Failure of Fishery Cooperatives in the Aegean, Turkey. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 25: 394-400.
Wanyama, F., P. Develtere, and I. Pollet. 2008. Encountering the Evidence: Co-Operatives and Poverty Reduction in Africa. J. Coop. Stud. 41: 16-27.
Wiersema, M. F., and K. A. Bantel. 1992. Top Management Team Demography and Corporate Strategic Change. Acad. Manage. J. 35: 91-121.
Whitman, D. S., D. L. Van Rooy, and C. Viswesvaran. 2010. Satisfaction, Citizenship Behaviors, and Performance in Work Units: A Meta‐Analysis of Collective Construct Relations. Pers. Psychol. 63: 41-81.
Xiao, Y., X. Zheng, W. Pan, and X. Xie 2010. Trust, Relationship Commitment and Cooperative Performance: Supply Chain Management. Chin. Manag. Stud. 4: 231-243.