Responses of rooting and physiological characteristics of sugarcanes grown under mimic drought stress as low water potential at early stage
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ธ.ค. 22, 2020
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Variation of physiological and morphological response is often caused by different soil environments and conditions. Therefore, better understanding of physiological responses and root attributes of sugarcanes subjected under uniform, controllable condition is encouraged. This study aimed to investigate the responses of rooting and physiological traits of sugarcanes under mimic drought stress as low water potential via PEG induction at early growth stage in hydroponics. Experiment was laid out in split-plot in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications under hydroponic system. The effect of two PEG levels (0.0% and 1.0%) was placed as main plot, whereas sub-plot was the the four sugarcane genotypes. Data was recorded on physiological, morphological, and rooting traits as time series during the periods of transplanting to 3 months after planting (MAP). In general, four sugarcane genotypes grown under control conditions showed higher dry weight, height, leaf area, leaf number, root length, root surface area, root volume, SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) and Chlorophyll fluorescence (fv/fm) than those grown under PEG treatment. KK3 cultivar contributed to the root proportion into deeper layer (20-40 cm) when subjected to PEG treatment. Photosynthesis was decreased due to reduced stomatal conductance, as a mechanism to decrease CO2 exchange rate. The response of photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and leaf area correlate to the performance of sugarcane biomass in response to low water potential via PEG induction under hydroponics. This information provides a basic knowledge for further against drought stress work.
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References
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Amist, S.N., and N.B. Singh. 2016. PEG imposed water deficit and physiological alterations in hydroponic cabbage. Iran. J. Plant Physiol. 6: 1651-1657.
Aslam, A., Z.A. Zahir, H.N. Asghar, and M. Shahid. 2018. Effect of carbonic anhydrase-containing endophytic bacteria on growth and physiological attributes of wheat under water-deficit conditions. Plant Prod. Sci. 21: 244-255.
Begum, M.K., M.R. Alam, M.S., Islam, and M.S. Arefin. 2012. Effect of Water Stress on Physiological Characters and Juice Quality of Sugarcane. Sugar Tech. 14:161-167.
Chapae, C., P. Songsri, W. Kaewpradit, N. Jongrungklang, and S. Gonkhamdee. 2020. Suitable Planting Materials and Nutrient Concentrations for Investigating Sugarcanes under Hydroponic System. Int. J. Bot. 16: 20-33.
Chapae, Ch., P. Songsri, and N. Jongrungklang. 2019. Hydroponics: An alternative method for root and shoot classification on sugarcane genotypes. Agrivita J. Agric. Sci. 41: 351-363.
Chumphu, S., N. Jongrungklang, and P. Songsri. 2019. Association of physiological responses and root distribution patterns of ratooning ability and yield of the second ratoon cane in sugarcane elite clones. Agronomy. 9: 200, 1-18.
Cominelli, E., L. Conti, C. Tonelli, and N. Galbiati. 2013. Challenges and perspectives to improve crop drought and salinity tolerance. New Biotechnol. 00: 1-7.
Davidson, D.J., and P.M. Chevalier, 1987. Influence of Polyethylene Glycol-Induced Water Deficits on Tiller Production in Spring Wheat. Crop Sci. 27: 1185-1187.
de Azevedo, A.C.B., J.L. Chopart, and C.D.C. Medina. 2011. Sugarcane root length density and distribution from root intersection counting on a trench-profile. Sci. Agric. 68: 94-101.
dos Santos, C.M., and M.D.A. Silva. 2015. Physiological and biochemical responses of sugarcane to oxidative stress induced by water deficit and paraquat. Acta Physiol. Plant. 37: 1-14.
Endres, L., C.M. dos Santos, G.V. de Souza, M. Menossi, and J.C.M. dos Santos. 2018. Morphological changes recorded in different phenophases of sugarcane plants subjected to water stress in tropical field conditions. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 12: 1041-1050.
Ferreira, T.H.S., M.S Tsunada, D. Bassi, P. Araújo, L. Mattiello, G.V. Guidelli, G.L. Righetto, V.R. Gonçalves, P. Lakshmanan, and M. Menossi. 2017. Sugarcane Water Stress Tolerance Mechanisms and Its Implications on Developing Biotechnology Solutions. Front. Plant Sci. J. 8: 1077.
Hamayun, M., S.A. Khan, Z.K. Shinwari, A.L. Khan, N. Ahmad, and I.J. Lee. 2010. Effect of polyethylene glycol induced drought stress on physio-hormonal attributes of soybean. Pak. J. Bot. 42: 977-986.
Hannan, A., L. Hassan, Md.N. Hoque, Md.T.U. Arif, and A.H.K. Robin. 2020. Increasing New Root Length Reflects Survival Mechanism of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes under PEG-Induced Osmotic Stress. Plant Breed Biotechnol. 8: 46-57.
Haswell, E.S., and P.E. Verslues. 2015. The ongoing search for the molecular basis of plant osmosensing. J. Gen. Physiol. 145: 389-394.
Inman-Bamber, N.G. 2004. Sugarcane water stress criteria for irrigation and drying off. Field Crops Res. 89: 107-122.
Inman-Bamber, N.G., and D.M. Smith. 2005. Water relations in sugarcane and response to water deficits. Field Crops Res. 92: 185-202.
Jaiphong, T., J. Tominaga, K. Watanabe, M. Nakabaru, H. Takaragawa, R. Suwa, M. Ueno, and Y. Kawamitsu. 2016. Effects of duration and combination of drought and flood conditions on leaf photosynthesis, growth and sugar content in sugarcane. Plant Prod. Sci. 19: 1-11.
Jangpromma, N., P. Songsri, S. Thammasirirak, and P. Jaisil. 2010. Rapid assessment of chlorophyll content in sugarcane using a SPAD chlorophyll meter across different water stress conditions. Asian J. Plant Sci. 9: 368-374.
Jangpromma, N., S. Thammasirirak, P. Jaisil, and P. Songsri. 2012. Effects of drought and recovery from drought stress on above ground and root growth, and water use efficiency in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). Aust. J. Crop Sci. 6: 1298-1304.
Khayatnezhad, M., and R. Gholamin. 2011. Effects of water and salt stresses on germination and seedling growth in two durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) genotypes. Sci. Res. Essays. 6: 4597-4603.
Khodarahmpour, Z. 2011. Effect of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) on germination indices in corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10: 18222-18227.
Khonghintaisong, J., P. Songsri, and N. Jongrungklang. 2020. Root characteristics of individual tillers and the relationships with above-ground growth and dry matter accumulation in sugarcane. Pak. J. Bot. 52: 1-10.
Khonghintaisong, J., P. Songsri, B. Toomsan, and N. Jongrungklang. 2018. Rooting and physiological trait responses to early drought stress of sugarcane cultivars. Sugar Tech. 20: 396-406.
Larkunthod, P., N. Nounjan, J.L. Siangliw, T. Toojinda, J. Sanitchon, B. Jongdee, P. Theerakulpisut. 2018. Physiological Responses under Drought Stress of Improved DroughtTolerant Rice Lines and their Parents. Not. Bot. Horti. Agrobo. 46: 679-687.
Levitt, J., 1980. Responses of Plants to Environmental Stress, Volume 1: Chilling, Freezing, and High Temperature Stresses. Academic Press.
Medeiros, D.B., E.C. da Silva, R.J.M.C. Nogueira, M.M. Teixeira, and M.S. Buckeridge. 2013. Physiological limitations in two sugarcane varieties under water suppression and after recovering. Theor. Exp. Plant Physiol. 25: 213-222.
Meher, P. Shivakrishna, K.A. Reddy, and D.M. Rao. 2018. Effect of PEG-6000 imposed drought stress on RNA content, relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll content in peanut leaves and roots. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 25: 285-289.
Morris, E.C., M. Griffiths, A. Golebiowska, S. Mairhofer. J. Burr-Hersey, T. Goh, D. von Wangenheim, B. Atkinson, C.J. Sturrock, J.P. Lynch, K. Vissenberg, K. Ritz, D. M. Wells, S.J. Mooney and M.J. Bennett. 2017. Shaping 3D Root System Architecture. Curr Biol. 27: 919-930.
Nautiyal, P.C., R.N. Rao, and Y.C. Joshi. 2002. Moisture-deficit-induced changes in leaf water content, leaf carbon exchange rate and biomass production in groundnut
cultivars differing in specific leaf area. Field Crops Res. 74: 67-79.
Nguyen, N.T., S.A. McInturf, and D.G. Mendoza-Cózatl. 2016. Hydroponics: A Versatile System to Study Nutrient Allocation and Plant Responses to Nutrient Availability and Exposure to Toxic Elements. Jove-j Vis Exp., 112: 1-9.
O’Donnell, N.H., B.L. Møller, A.D. Neale, J.D. Hamill, C.K. Blomstedt, and R.M. Gleadow. 2013. Effects of PEG-induced osmotic stress on growth and dhurrin levels of forage sorghum. Plant Physiol. Bioch. 73: 83-92.
Osmolovskaya, N., J. Shumilina, A. Kim, A. Didio, T. Grishina, T., Bilova, O.A. Keltsieva, V. Zhukov, I. Tikhonovich, E. Tarakhovskaya, A. Frolov, and L.A. Wessjohann. 2018. Methodology of Drought Stress Research:Experimental Setup and Physiological Characterization. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19: 4089.
Palachai, Ch., P. Songsri, and N. Jongrungklang. 2019. Comparison of yield components of sugarcane varities grown under natural short- and long-term water-logged conditions in Thailand. Sabrao J. Breed. Genet, 51: 80-92.
Patade, V.Y., S. Bhargava, and P. Suprasanna. 2011. Salt and drought tolerance of sugarcane under iso-osmotic salt and water stress: growth, osmolytes accumulation, and antioxidant defense. J. Plant Interact. 6: 275-282.
Robertson, M.J., N.G. Inman-Bamber, R.C. Muchow, and A.W. Wood. 1999. Physiology and productivity of sugarcane with early and mid-season water deficit. Field Crops Res. 64: 211-227.
Robin, A.H.K., Md.J. Uddin, and K.N. Bayazid. 2015. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Treated Hydroponic Culture Reduces Length and Diameter of Root Hairs of Wheat Varieties. J. Agron. 5: 506-518.
Set-Tow, S., P. Sonsri, and N. Jongrungklang. 2020. Variations in Root Distribution Patterns and Cane Yield of 16 Elite Sugarcane Clones Grown Under Varied Soil Conditions. Sugar Tech. 1-14.
Shao, H.B., L.Y. Chu, C.A. Jaleel, and C.X. Zhao, 2008. Water-deficit stress-induced anatomical changes in higher plants. C. R. Biologies. 331: 215-225.
Shavrukov, Y., Y. Genc, and J. Hayes. 2012. The Use of Hydroponics in Abiotic Stress Tolerance Research. Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches, Dr. Toshiki Asao (Ed.), Research, ISBN: 978-953-51-0386-8, InTech.
Siebert, S, and P. Döll. 2010. Quantifying blue and green virtual water contents in global crop production as well as potential production losses without irrigation. J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud. 384: 198-217.
Silva, M.D.A., J.L. Jifon, V. Sharma, J.A.G. da Silva, M.M. Caputo, M.B. Damaj, E.R. Guimaraes, and M.I.T. Ferro. 2011. Use of Physiological Parameters in Screening Drought Tolerance in Sugarcane Genotypes. Sugar Tech. 13: 191-197.
Singh, S. and P.N.G. Rao. 1987. Varietal differences in growth characteristics in sugar cane. J. agric. Sci. 108: 245-247.
Smit, M.A., A. Singels. 2006. The response of sugarcane canopy development to water stress. Field Crops Res. 98: 91-97.
Songsri, P., S. Jogloy, C.C. Holbrook, T. Kesmala, N. Vorasoot, C. Akkasaeng, and A. Patanothai. 2009. Association of root, specific leaf area and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading to water use efficiency of peanut under different available soil water. Agric. Water Manag. 96: 790-798.
Songsri, P., S. Jogloy, N. Vorasoot, C. Akkasaeng, A. Patanothai, and C.C. Holbrook. 2008. Root distribution of drought-resistant peanut genotypes in response to drought. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 194: 92-103.
Sucre, B., and N. Suárez. 2011. Effect of salinity and PEG-induced water stress on water status, gas exchange, solute accumulation, and leaf growth in Ipomoea pes-caprae. Environ. Exp. Bot. 70: 192-203.
Trejo-Téllez, L.I., and F.C. Gómez-Merino. 2012. Nutrient Solutions for Hydroponic Systems. In: Toshiki Asao (Ed). Hydroponics A Standard Methodology for Plant BIOLOGICAL Researches. IntechOpen, London.
Wahome, P.K., T.O. Oseni, M.T. Masarirambi, and V.D. Shongwe. 2011. Effects of Different Hydroponics Systems and Growing Media on the Vegetative Growth, Yield and Cut Flower Quality of Gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculate L.). World J. Agric. Res. 7: 692-698.
Yan, W., Y. Zhong, and Z. Shangguan. 2016. A meta-analysis of leaf gas exchange and water status responses to drought. Int. J. Sci. Rep. 6: 20917.
Zhang, M., S. He, Y. Zhan, B. Qin, X. Jin, M. Wang, Y. Zhang, G. Hu, Z. Teng, and Y. Wu. 2018. Exogenous melatonin reduces the inhibitory effect of osmotic stress on photosynthesis in soybean. Plos One. 14: 1-22.
Zhao, D., G. Barry, and J.C. Comstock. 2010. Sugarcane response to water-deficit stress during early growth on organic and sand soils. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 5: 403-414.
Zhao, D., N.C. Glynn, B. Glaz, J.C. Comstock, and R.M. Johnson. 2012. Development of leaf spectral models for evaluating large numbers of sugarcane genotypes. Crop Sci. 52:1837-1847.
Amist, S.N., and N.B. Singh. 2016. PEG imposed water deficit and physiological alterations in hydroponic cabbage. Iran. J. Plant Physiol. 6: 1651-1657.
Aslam, A., Z.A. Zahir, H.N. Asghar, and M. Shahid. 2018. Effect of carbonic anhydrase-containing endophytic bacteria on growth and physiological attributes of wheat under water-deficit conditions. Plant Prod. Sci. 21: 244-255.
Begum, M.K., M.R. Alam, M.S., Islam, and M.S. Arefin. 2012. Effect of Water Stress on Physiological Characters and Juice Quality of Sugarcane. Sugar Tech. 14:161-167.
Chapae, C., P. Songsri, W. Kaewpradit, N. Jongrungklang, and S. Gonkhamdee. 2020. Suitable Planting Materials and Nutrient Concentrations for Investigating Sugarcanes under Hydroponic System. Int. J. Bot. 16: 20-33.
Chapae, Ch., P. Songsri, and N. Jongrungklang. 2019. Hydroponics: An alternative method for root and shoot classification on sugarcane genotypes. Agrivita J. Agric. Sci. 41: 351-363.
Chumphu, S., N. Jongrungklang, and P. Songsri. 2019. Association of physiological responses and root distribution patterns of ratooning ability and yield of the second ratoon cane in sugarcane elite clones. Agronomy. 9: 200, 1-18.
Cominelli, E., L. Conti, C. Tonelli, and N. Galbiati. 2013. Challenges and perspectives to improve crop drought and salinity tolerance. New Biotechnol. 00: 1-7.
Davidson, D.J., and P.M. Chevalier, 1987. Influence of Polyethylene Glycol-Induced Water Deficits on Tiller Production in Spring Wheat. Crop Sci. 27: 1185-1187.
de Azevedo, A.C.B., J.L. Chopart, and C.D.C. Medina. 2011. Sugarcane root length density and distribution from root intersection counting on a trench-profile. Sci. Agric. 68: 94-101.
dos Santos, C.M., and M.D.A. Silva. 2015. Physiological and biochemical responses of sugarcane to oxidative stress induced by water deficit and paraquat. Acta Physiol. Plant. 37: 1-14.
Endres, L., C.M. dos Santos, G.V. de Souza, M. Menossi, and J.C.M. dos Santos. 2018. Morphological changes recorded in different phenophases of sugarcane plants subjected to water stress in tropical field conditions. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 12: 1041-1050.
Ferreira, T.H.S., M.S Tsunada, D. Bassi, P. Araújo, L. Mattiello, G.V. Guidelli, G.L. Righetto, V.R. Gonçalves, P. Lakshmanan, and M. Menossi. 2017. Sugarcane Water Stress Tolerance Mechanisms and Its Implications on Developing Biotechnology Solutions. Front. Plant Sci. J. 8: 1077.
Hamayun, M., S.A. Khan, Z.K. Shinwari, A.L. Khan, N. Ahmad, and I.J. Lee. 2010. Effect of polyethylene glycol induced drought stress on physio-hormonal attributes of soybean. Pak. J. Bot. 42: 977-986.
Hannan, A., L. Hassan, Md.N. Hoque, Md.T.U. Arif, and A.H.K. Robin. 2020. Increasing New Root Length Reflects Survival Mechanism of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes under PEG-Induced Osmotic Stress. Plant Breed Biotechnol. 8: 46-57.
Haswell, E.S., and P.E. Verslues. 2015. The ongoing search for the molecular basis of plant osmosensing. J. Gen. Physiol. 145: 389-394.
Inman-Bamber, N.G. 2004. Sugarcane water stress criteria for irrigation and drying off. Field Crops Res. 89: 107-122.
Inman-Bamber, N.G., and D.M. Smith. 2005. Water relations in sugarcane and response to water deficits. Field Crops Res. 92: 185-202.
Jaiphong, T., J. Tominaga, K. Watanabe, M. Nakabaru, H. Takaragawa, R. Suwa, M. Ueno, and Y. Kawamitsu. 2016. Effects of duration and combination of drought and flood conditions on leaf photosynthesis, growth and sugar content in sugarcane. Plant Prod. Sci. 19: 1-11.
Jangpromma, N., P. Songsri, S. Thammasirirak, and P. Jaisil. 2010. Rapid assessment of chlorophyll content in sugarcane using a SPAD chlorophyll meter across different water stress conditions. Asian J. Plant Sci. 9: 368-374.
Jangpromma, N., S. Thammasirirak, P. Jaisil, and P. Songsri. 2012. Effects of drought and recovery from drought stress on above ground and root growth, and water use efficiency in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). Aust. J. Crop Sci. 6: 1298-1304.
Khayatnezhad, M., and R. Gholamin. 2011. Effects of water and salt stresses on germination and seedling growth in two durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) genotypes. Sci. Res. Essays. 6: 4597-4603.
Khodarahmpour, Z. 2011. Effect of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) on germination indices in corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10: 18222-18227.
Khonghintaisong, J., P. Songsri, and N. Jongrungklang. 2020. Root characteristics of individual tillers and the relationships with above-ground growth and dry matter accumulation in sugarcane. Pak. J. Bot. 52: 1-10.
Khonghintaisong, J., P. Songsri, B. Toomsan, and N. Jongrungklang. 2018. Rooting and physiological trait responses to early drought stress of sugarcane cultivars. Sugar Tech. 20: 396-406.
Larkunthod, P., N. Nounjan, J.L. Siangliw, T. Toojinda, J. Sanitchon, B. Jongdee, P. Theerakulpisut. 2018. Physiological Responses under Drought Stress of Improved DroughtTolerant Rice Lines and their Parents. Not. Bot. Horti. Agrobo. 46: 679-687.
Levitt, J., 1980. Responses of Plants to Environmental Stress, Volume 1: Chilling, Freezing, and High Temperature Stresses. Academic Press.
Medeiros, D.B., E.C. da Silva, R.J.M.C. Nogueira, M.M. Teixeira, and M.S. Buckeridge. 2013. Physiological limitations in two sugarcane varieties under water suppression and after recovering. Theor. Exp. Plant Physiol. 25: 213-222.
Meher, P. Shivakrishna, K.A. Reddy, and D.M. Rao. 2018. Effect of PEG-6000 imposed drought stress on RNA content, relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll content in peanut leaves and roots. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 25: 285-289.
Morris, E.C., M. Griffiths, A. Golebiowska, S. Mairhofer. J. Burr-Hersey, T. Goh, D. von Wangenheim, B. Atkinson, C.J. Sturrock, J.P. Lynch, K. Vissenberg, K. Ritz, D. M. Wells, S.J. Mooney and M.J. Bennett. 2017. Shaping 3D Root System Architecture. Curr Biol. 27: 919-930.
Nautiyal, P.C., R.N. Rao, and Y.C. Joshi. 2002. Moisture-deficit-induced changes in leaf water content, leaf carbon exchange rate and biomass production in groundnut
cultivars differing in specific leaf area. Field Crops Res. 74: 67-79.
Nguyen, N.T., S.A. McInturf, and D.G. Mendoza-Cózatl. 2016. Hydroponics: A Versatile System to Study Nutrient Allocation and Plant Responses to Nutrient Availability and Exposure to Toxic Elements. Jove-j Vis Exp., 112: 1-9.
O’Donnell, N.H., B.L. Møller, A.D. Neale, J.D. Hamill, C.K. Blomstedt, and R.M. Gleadow. 2013. Effects of PEG-induced osmotic stress on growth and dhurrin levels of forage sorghum. Plant Physiol. Bioch. 73: 83-92.
Osmolovskaya, N., J. Shumilina, A. Kim, A. Didio, T. Grishina, T., Bilova, O.A. Keltsieva, V. Zhukov, I. Tikhonovich, E. Tarakhovskaya, A. Frolov, and L.A. Wessjohann. 2018. Methodology of Drought Stress Research:Experimental Setup and Physiological Characterization. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19: 4089.
Palachai, Ch., P. Songsri, and N. Jongrungklang. 2019. Comparison of yield components of sugarcane varities grown under natural short- and long-term water-logged conditions in Thailand. Sabrao J. Breed. Genet, 51: 80-92.
Patade, V.Y., S. Bhargava, and P. Suprasanna. 2011. Salt and drought tolerance of sugarcane under iso-osmotic salt and water stress: growth, osmolytes accumulation, and antioxidant defense. J. Plant Interact. 6: 275-282.
Robertson, M.J., N.G. Inman-Bamber, R.C. Muchow, and A.W. Wood. 1999. Physiology and productivity of sugarcane with early and mid-season water deficit. Field Crops Res. 64: 211-227.
Robin, A.H.K., Md.J. Uddin, and K.N. Bayazid. 2015. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Treated Hydroponic Culture Reduces Length and Diameter of Root Hairs of Wheat Varieties. J. Agron. 5: 506-518.
Set-Tow, S., P. Sonsri, and N. Jongrungklang. 2020. Variations in Root Distribution Patterns and Cane Yield of 16 Elite Sugarcane Clones Grown Under Varied Soil Conditions. Sugar Tech. 1-14.
Shao, H.B., L.Y. Chu, C.A. Jaleel, and C.X. Zhao, 2008. Water-deficit stress-induced anatomical changes in higher plants. C. R. Biologies. 331: 215-225.
Shavrukov, Y., Y. Genc, and J. Hayes. 2012. The Use of Hydroponics in Abiotic Stress Tolerance Research. Hydroponics - A Standard Methodology for Plant Biological Researches, Dr. Toshiki Asao (Ed.), Research, ISBN: 978-953-51-0386-8, InTech.
Siebert, S, and P. Döll. 2010. Quantifying blue and green virtual water contents in global crop production as well as potential production losses without irrigation. J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud. 384: 198-217.
Silva, M.D.A., J.L. Jifon, V. Sharma, J.A.G. da Silva, M.M. Caputo, M.B. Damaj, E.R. Guimaraes, and M.I.T. Ferro. 2011. Use of Physiological Parameters in Screening Drought Tolerance in Sugarcane Genotypes. Sugar Tech. 13: 191-197.
Singh, S. and P.N.G. Rao. 1987. Varietal differences in growth characteristics in sugar cane. J. agric. Sci. 108: 245-247.
Smit, M.A., A. Singels. 2006. The response of sugarcane canopy development to water stress. Field Crops Res. 98: 91-97.
Songsri, P., S. Jogloy, C.C. Holbrook, T. Kesmala, N. Vorasoot, C. Akkasaeng, and A. Patanothai. 2009. Association of root, specific leaf area and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading to water use efficiency of peanut under different available soil water. Agric. Water Manag. 96: 790-798.
Songsri, P., S. Jogloy, N. Vorasoot, C. Akkasaeng, A. Patanothai, and C.C. Holbrook. 2008. Root distribution of drought-resistant peanut genotypes in response to drought. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 194: 92-103.
Sucre, B., and N. Suárez. 2011. Effect of salinity and PEG-induced water stress on water status, gas exchange, solute accumulation, and leaf growth in Ipomoea pes-caprae. Environ. Exp. Bot. 70: 192-203.
Trejo-Téllez, L.I., and F.C. Gómez-Merino. 2012. Nutrient Solutions for Hydroponic Systems. In: Toshiki Asao (Ed). Hydroponics A Standard Methodology for Plant BIOLOGICAL Researches. IntechOpen, London.
Wahome, P.K., T.O. Oseni, M.T. Masarirambi, and V.D. Shongwe. 2011. Effects of Different Hydroponics Systems and Growing Media on the Vegetative Growth, Yield and Cut Flower Quality of Gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculate L.). World J. Agric. Res. 7: 692-698.
Yan, W., Y. Zhong, and Z. Shangguan. 2016. A meta-analysis of leaf gas exchange and water status responses to drought. Int. J. Sci. Rep. 6: 20917.
Zhang, M., S. He, Y. Zhan, B. Qin, X. Jin, M. Wang, Y. Zhang, G. Hu, Z. Teng, and Y. Wu. 2018. Exogenous melatonin reduces the inhibitory effect of osmotic stress on photosynthesis in soybean. Plos One. 14: 1-22.
Zhao, D., G. Barry, and J.C. Comstock. 2010. Sugarcane response to water-deficit stress during early growth on organic and sand soils. Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 5: 403-414.
Zhao, D., N.C. Glynn, B. Glaz, J.C. Comstock, and R.M. Johnson. 2012. Development of leaf spectral models for evaluating large numbers of sugarcane genotypes. Crop Sci. 52:1837-1847.