Influence of ZnO-NPs foliar application on soil microbial activities in sunflower fields treated with chemical fertilizers compared with organic materials
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Abstract
The objective of this research was to study the influence of organic materials and impact of ZnO-NPs on microbial activity concerning soil organic carbon turnover in soil. The experiment was divided into 6 treatments as following: 1) chemical fertilizer (CF) (N-P-K) 2) CF + ZnO-NPs 3) goat manure (GM) 4) GM + ZnO-NPs 5) GM-biochar compost and 6) GM-biochar compost + ZnO-NPs. The study found that chemical fertilizer with and without ZnO-NPs treatments resulted in increased CO2 emissions within 7 days after the application (13.3 and 12.4 mg CO2-C/m2/day) compared to day 0 (5.1 and 6 mg CO2-C/m2/day) in which the average soil organic carbon reduction (with and without ZnO-NPs) was 13.6%, indicating the degradation of indigenous soil carbon deposits. The GM and GM + ZnO-NPs treatments decreased soil CO2 emissions at the first 7 days after the application (22.5 and 24 mg CO2-C/m2/day) compared to day 0 (39.6 and 37.5 mg CO2-C/m2/day). Treatment GM + ZnO-NPs resulted in lower CO2 emissions than without foliar at days 21 and 63 after application (-19.7 and -23.8%, respectively) (P<0.001). Meanwhile, the GM-biochar compost and GM-biochar compost + ZnO-NPs decreased CO2 emissions for almost a period. The metabolic quotient (qCO2) at day 0 under GM and GM-biochar compost treatments (with and without ZnO-NPs) (0.27-0.48 mg CO2-C/g MBC/d) was significantly higher than that of the CF treatments (with and without ZnO-NPs) (0.06-0.08 mg CO2-C /g MBC/d) (P<0.001), indicating that the microorganisms have a higher potential to utilize carbon from organic material as an energy source than its accumulation within the microbial biomass. At day 49 and day 63, the GM-biochar compost treated treatments (with and without ZnO-NPs) had lower qCO2 than other treatments (0.05-0.07 mg CO2-C/g MBC/d) (P<0.05) corresponding to a high phenol oxidase activity during that period (6.3-7.56 µmol dicq/g soil/h),
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References
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