Application of micro- nano bubbles technology for cleaning milking equipment
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The objective of this research was to apply micro- and nanometer-scale bubble technology, or micro-nano bubble (MNBs), for cleaning dairy milking equipment. A micro-nano bubble generator was designed and constructed, and its cleaning efficiency was evaluated by measuring microbial residues on four surfaces of the milking equipment: the milk bucket, the inner surface of the milking liner at depths of 1 cm and 10 cm, and the milk tube, over a period of three months. Additionally, the hardness of the milking liners was examined before and after use. In the first experiment, the optimal cleaning duration using micro-nano bubbles with water (MNBs-W) was determined. The milking equipment was randomly assigned into four groups according to cleaning times of 0, 5, 10, and 20 minutes. Samples were collected from the four surfaces, with three replications. Results showed that cleaning with MNBs significantly reduced the number of microorganisms on the surface of milking equipment at 5 minutes (3.64 Log10 CFU/swab), 10 minutes (3.61 Log10 CFU/swab), and 20 minutes (3.73 Log10 CFU/swab), compared with the control group at 0 minutes (4.69 Log10 CFU/swab) (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the 5-, 10-, and 20-minute treatments (P>0.05). Therefore, a 5-minute cleaning duration was selected for further evaluation in a dairy farm. Subsequently, the cleaning efficiency of the milking equipment was tested in a dairy farm. The equipment was randomly assigned according to a completely randomized design into two groups, with three milking sets per group: Group 1) cleaned using the farmers’ conventional method (Conventional), and Group 2) cleaned with micro-nano bubbles combined with water for 5 minutes (MNBs-W). The cleaning tests were conducted daily for a continuous period of three months (January–March). Results indicated no significant difference in microbial counts between the two groups (P>0.05). However, after three months of use,
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
กรมปศุสัตว์. 2567. คู่มือปฏิบัติงานโคนม. กลุ่มวิจัยและพัฒนาโคนม สำนักพัฒนาพันธุ์สัตว์ กรมปศุสัตว์. แหล่งข้อมูล: https://breeding.dld.go.th/images/Manual/2567/Manual_Dairycattle_67.pdf. ค้นเมื่อ 7 พฤษภาคม 2569.
กรมปศุสัตว์. 2563. ระเบียบกรมปศุสัตว์ ว่าด้วยการขอรับการรับรองแนวปฏิบัติที่ดีสำหรับเครื่องรีดนม พ.ศ. 2563. ราชกิจจานุเบกษา เล่มที่ 137 ตอนพิเศษ 142 ง. แหล่งข้อมูล: https://legal.dld.go.th/images/Pho%20Roh%20Bor/KotMai-UenUen-Thi%20Kieo%20Khong/4%20KotMai-UenUen-Thi%20Kieo%20Khong/11.pdf. ค้นเมื่อ 7 พฤษภาคม 2569.
องค์การส่งเสริมกิจการโคนมแห่งประเทศไทย. 2567. รายงานประจำปี 2567. องค์การส่งเสริมกิจการโคนมแห่งประเทศไทย. แหล่งข้อมูล: https://www.dpo.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/รายงานประจำปี-อ.ส.ค.-2567-3.pdf. ค้นเมื่อ 20 กุมภาพันธ์ 2569.
Agarwal, A., W. J. Ng, and Y. Liu. 2011. Principle and applications of microbubble and nanobubble technology for water treatment. Chemosphere. 84: 1175–1180.
AOAC International, 2002. AOAC Official Method 990.12. Aerobic Plate Count in Foods.
Chung, M. M. S., J. H. Tsai, J. Lu, M. Padilla Chevez, and J. Y. Huang. 2022. Microbubble-assisted cleaning to enhance the removal of milk deposits from the heat transfer surface. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 10: 8380-8387.
Ci, Y., W. Tianzhi, L. Peiyuan, F. Manuel, G. Suxia, and Z. Yujie. 2025. Disinfection mechanism of chlorine-resistant bacteria by micro-nano bubbles in drinking water: A case study of Bacillus cereus. Chemical Engineering Journal. 515: 163782.
Cremonesi, P., S. Morandi, C. Ceccarani, G. Battelli, B. Castiglioni, N. Cologna, A. Goss, M. Severgnini, M. Mazzucchi, E. Partel, and A. Tamburini. 2020. Raw milk microbiota modifications as affected by chlorine usage for cleaning procedures: The Trentingrana PDO case. Frontiers in Microbiology. 11: 564749.
Gao, H., F. Zhang, K. Tang, X. Luo, Z. Pu, J. Zhao, Z. Jiao, and W. Yang. 2023. Green cleaning of 3D-printed polymeric products by micro-/nano-bubbles. Nanomaterials. 13: 1804.
Gleeson, D., B. O’Brien, and K. Jordan. 2013. The effect of using nonchlorine products for cleaning and sanitising milking equipment on bacterial numbers and residues in milk. International Journal of Dairy Technology. 66: 182-188.
Hamad, F., S. S. Nair, R. Pinedo-Cuenca, S. J. Davis, T. J. Stubbs, and P. B. Ganesan. 2025. Water Disinfection Using Microbubble Technology (Water DMT). Pollutants. 5: 16.
Hou, S., E. Xie, B. Si, Y. Xiao, J. Ding, Z. Yan, H. Zhou, H. Cheng, Y. Shen, and Y. Li. 2025. Nanobubble aeration accelerates manure wastewater sanitisation and enhances nitrogen retention while reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Water Research. 292: 125267.
Klintham, P., S. Tongchitpakdee, W. Chinsirikul, and W. Mahakarnchanakul. 2015. Effect of micro bubbles in washing process for microbial reduction on fresh vegetables. Food Science & Technology. 35: 401-407.
Kobayashi, H., S. Maeda, M. Kashiwa, and T. Fujita. 2014. Measurements of ultrafine bubbles using different types of particle size measuring instruments. pp. 156-160. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Optical Particle Characterization (OPC 2014) 6 August 2014. SPIE.
Kobayashi, F., T. Kawahara, A. Narai-Kanayama, and S. Odake. 2025. Nanobubble water for the effective removal of biofilm formed by Escherichia coli. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 238: 107276.
Luo, A., T. Wang, P. Luo, Z. Zheng, M. Fiallos, Y. Bian, and S.T. Khu. 2025. Mechanism by which micro-nano bubbles impact biofilm growth in drinking water distribution systems. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 11: 754-767.
McCarthy, W. P., T. F. O'Callaghan, M. Danahar, D. Gleeson, C. O'Connor, M. A. Fenelon, and J. T. Tobin. 2018. Chlorate and other oxychlorine contaminants within the dairy supply chain. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 17: 1561-1575.
Mensah, K., C. Ference, L. Ovalle, F. Perreault, J. Morón-López, S. Garcia-Segura, and O. G. Apul. 2025. Oxidative cleaning of surface fouling in heated sanitary systems at low ozone concentrations: Unveiling the role of nanobubbles in mass transfer. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 13: 117637.
Mitra, S., A. Ghanbari-Siahkali, P. Kingshott, H.K. Rehmeier, H. Abildgaard, and K. Almdal. 2006. Chemical degradation of crosslinked ethylene-propylene-diene rubber in an acidic environment. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 91: 69-80.
Pongprasert, N., N. Tatmala, and V. Srilaong. 2012. The application of air micro-and nano-bubbles in combination with sodium hypochlorite to inactivate total bacteria and improve the quality of fresh-cut lettuce. Agricultural Science Journal. 43: 303-306.
Sundberg, M., A. Christiansson, C. Lindahl, L. Wahlund, and C. Birgersson 2011. Cleaning effectiveness of chlorine-free detergents for use on dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Research. 78: 105-110.
Takahashi, M. 2005. ζ potential of microbubbles in aqueous solutions: electrical properties of the gas− water interface. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 109: 21858-21864.
Takahashi, M., K. Chiba, and P. Li. 2007. Free-radical generation from collapsing microbubbles in the absence of a dynamic stimulus. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 111: 1343-1347.
Takahashi, M., Y. Shirai, and S. Sugawa. 2021. Free-radical generation from bulk nanobubbles in aqueous electrolyte solutions: ESR spin-trap observation of microbubble-treated water. Langmuir. 37: 5005-5011.
Wang, W., W. Fan, M. Huo, H. Zhao, and Y. Lu. 2018. Hydroxyl radical generation and contaminant removal from water by the collapse of microbubbles under different hydrochemical conditions. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 229: 86.
Withayaprapakorn, C., V. Thonglek, and P. Kullama. 2020. Micro/nano bubbles technology in gold banana washing process for reduce E. coli contaminate. Journal of Research in Technology and Innovation. 4: 69-75.
