Fixation and Release of Ammonium (NH4+) in Soils Containing 2:1 Clay Minerals
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Fixation and release of ammonium (NH4+) are the important processes influencing nitrogen availability in soils, particularly in soils containing 2:1 clay minerals, because of such clay minerals can fix ammonium in their interlayer sites. The objective of this study was to investigate soil factors affecting fixation and release of NH4+ in soils containing 2:1 clay minerals. The representative soils in this study were Takhli soil series (Tk), Ban Mi soil series (Bm) and Chong Khae soil series (Ck). Soil samples from plough layer (Ap horizon) were collected to determine exchangeable NH4+ and non-exchangeable NH4+ contents. Fixation and release of ammonium were studied by addition of 1,000 mg NH4+/kg soil and incubated soil samples at field capacity for a week. The results showed that exchangeable NH4+ contents in these soils were very low (0.01-3.95 mg/kg) and non-exchangeable NH4+ contents ranged from 71.4 to 119.3 mg/kg. Fixation of NH4+ contents varied from 11 to 90 mg NH4+/kg soil and release of NH4+ contents varied from 211 to 703 mg NH4+/kg soil. Ammonium release showed good fit with parabolic diffusion (R2 = 0.85-0.97) and Elovich equation (R2 = 0.93-0.99). These results indicated that release of NH4+ in these soils was diffusion controlled-process and may occur on heterogeneous surfaces i.e. exchange site and interlayer site of 2:1 clay minerals, including adsorption sites of organic matter. Soil factors affecting adsorption, fixation and release of NH4+ in these soils were extractable Ca, extractable Mg and organic matter content. Ammonium adsorption tended to decrease with increasing extractable Ca content. Whereas ammonium fixation tended to decrease with increasing extractable Mg and organic matter contents and vice-versa for ammonium released.
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