Maturity and Quality Assessment of Biochar Composts through C-cycling Enzyme Activity Profiles and CO2-C Emissions
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Decomposition process of organic carbon compounds rendered by C-cycling enzymes are important in the formation of mature compost. However, there is less information on how the use of biochar as raw material in microbially decomposition process. It is necessary to determine more precise maturity indices, thus, the objectives of this research were to examine the effect of various rates of biochar on C-cycling enzyme activities and CO2-C emissions during composting, notably to measure compost quality and maturity using a novel approach based on enzyme activity indices. The composting mixtures were prepared from different organic materials: biochar (BC), rice straw (RS), and goat manure (GM). The experiment was divided into 4 treatments include the following: 1) control (RS + GM), 2) (0.5BC: 1RS)+GM, 3) (1BC: 1RS)+GM and 4) (1.5BC: 1RS)+GM; therefore, treatments 2, 3, and 4 were set up similar to the control but the biochars were added at initial ratio of BC: RS equaled to 0.5 to 1, 1 to 1, and 1.5 to 1, respectively. Results revealed that compost in pile (1BC: 1RS) + GM had highest cumulative respiration (1135 mg CO2-C kg-1 compost) compared to the control (P < 0.05). At day 21 after composting, compost in this pile also showed highest B-glucosidase activity (2.59 µmol dicq g-1 compost h-1) and phenoloxidase activity (273 g p-nitrophenol g-1 compost h-1) compared to the other treatments (P < 0.05). There were significant positive effects of B-glucosidase activity on cumulative CO2-C at the initial (r = 0.6027) and later stage (r = 0.6624) of decomposition (P < 0.05) indicating a potentially decomposition of cellulose by microbes. Meanwhile, phenoloxidase activity had positive effects on cumulative respiration only at the later stage of decomposition (r = 0.8129) (P < 0.05) pointing out that soil microbes might switch their metabolisms to capitalize on lignin and polyphenols. This study indicated that C-cycling enzyme activity profiles can be used as co-indicators for judging the maturity and quality of biochar compost. According to this reason, the compost in pile (1BC: 1RS) + GM became stable and reached maturity at day 42 of compositing periods.
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