Optimum of protein: energy ratios for snakehead fish (Channa striata) diet
Article Sidebar
Published:
Oct 23, 2020
Keywords:
snakehead fish protein energy growth feed utilization
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the optimal level of protein to energy (P/E) ratio of diets for fingerling snakehead fish (initial weight 3.2±0.02 g/fish). The trials had five different diets: The protein contents of diets were 42.05 %CP (control), 39.95 %CP (LP5), 37.85 %CP (LP10), 35.74 %CP (LP15) and 33.64 %CP (LP20). The dietary P/E ratio of diets were 93, 89, 84, 80 and 76 mg protein/kcal, respectively. After 8 weeks of trails, fish were fed with LP20 and LP15 group diets have resulted in significant lower weight gain (WG), average daily gain (ADG) and specific growth rate (SGR) comparing to control and other trial groups (P<0.05). The result of control groups showed the highest weight gain, ADG and SGR, however there were no significant differences comparing with LP5 and LP10 group (P>0.05). The outcomes of feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate (SR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) significantly resulted in no differences among all trials (P>0.05). This study indicated that P/E ratio at 84 mg protein/kcal, which was substituted protein by carbohydrate level at 10% (LP10), is a proper suitable ratio to reduce protein level by carbohydrate in diet for fingerling snakehead fish. In addition, by using this ratio gives no significant effects to growth, FCR, SR and PER comparing to control groups plus it reduces feed cost at 3.23 percentages.
Article Details
How to Cite
Hongmanee, P. ., Boonyoung, S. ., Wongmaneeprateep, S. ., & Yuangsoi, B. . (2020). Optimum of protein: energy ratios for snakehead fish (Channa striata) diet. Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 48(5), 1098–1123. retrieved from https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/agkasetkaj/article/view/251925
Section
บทความวิจัย (research article)
References
กรมประมง. 2561. สถิติการประมงแห่งประเทศไทย พ.ศ. 2559. กองนโยบายและยุทธศาสตร์พัฒนาการประมง. เอกสารฉบับที่ 12/2561. แหล่งข้อมูล: https://www.fisheries.go.th/strategy-stat/themeWeb/books/2559/1/สถิติการประมงแห่งประเทศไทยพ.ศ.2559.pdf. ค้นเมื่อ 27 กรกฎาคม 2562.
Ahmadi, M. R., and M. Alizadeh. 2004. Effects of dietary protein and energy levels on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in brackish water. Iran J. Fish. Sci. 4: 77-88.
Ai, Q. H., K. S. Mai, H. T. Li, C. X. Zhang, L. Zhang, Q. Y. Duan, B. P. Tan, W. Xu, H. M. Ma, W. B. Zhang, and Z. G. Liufu. 2004. Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus. Aquaculture 230: 507-516.
Analia, V. F. G., C. D. Ana, M. V. Susana, and L. F. Jorge. 2009. In vivo and in vitro Protein Digestibility of Formulated Feeds for Artemesia longinaris (Crutacea, Penaeidae). Brazil Arch. Biol. Technol. 52: 1379-1386.
Areekijseree, M., A. Engkagul, U. Kovitvadhi, A. Thongpan, M. Mingmuang, P. Pakkong, and K. Rungruangsak-Torrissen. 2004. Temperature and pH characteristics of amylase and proteinase of adult freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis (Hyriopsis) bialatus Simpson 1900. Aquaculture 234: 575-587.
Bergheim, I., S. Weber, M. Vos, S. Krämer, V. Volynets, S. Kaserouni, C. J. McClain, and S. C. Bischoff. 2008. Antibiotics protect against fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice: Role of endotoxin. J. Hepatol. 48: 983-992.
Borba, M. R., D. M. Fracalossi, and L. E. Pezzato. 2006. Dietary energy requirement of piracanjuba fingerlings, Brycon orbignyanus, and relative utilization of dietary carbohydrate and lipid. Aqua. Nutr. 12: 183-191.
Bou, M., M. Todorcevic, R. Fontanillas, E. Capilla, J. Gutiérrez, and I. Navarro. 2014. Adipose tissue and liver metabolic responses to different levels of dietary carbohydrates in Gilthead Sea bream (Sparus aurata). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 175: 72-81.
Brauge, C., F. Medale, and G. Corraze. 1994. Effect of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth, body composition and glycaemia in rainbow trout, Oncorhychus mykiss, reared in seawater. Aquaculture 1233: 109-120.
Chou, B. S. and S. Y. Shiau. 1996. Optimal dietary lipid level for growth of juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus. Aquaculture 143: 185-195.
Clow, K. A., K. J. Rodnick, T. J. MacCormack, and W. R. Driedzic. 2004. The regulation and importance of glucose uptake in the isolated Atlantic cod heart: ratelimiting steps and effects of hypoxia. J. Exp. Biol. 207: 1865-1874.
De Silva, S. S. and T. A. Anderson. 1995. Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture. Chapman & Hall. London.
Dias, J., M. J. Alvarez, A. Diez, J. Arzel, G. Corraze, J. M. Bautista, and S. J. Kaushik. 1998. Regulation of hepatic lipogenesis by dietary protein/energy in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 161: 169-186.
Duvnjak, M., I. Lerotic, N. Baršic, V. Tomašic, L. V. Jukic, and V. Velagic. 2007. Pathogenesis and management issues for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J. Gastroentero. 13: 4539-4550.
El-Dakar, A. Y. 1994. Studies on aquatic animal: Shrimp nutrition. Ph.D. Thesis. Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
El-Dakar, A. Y., G. D. I. Hassanen, S. I. Ghoneim, and O. A. Zenhom. 2003. Daily optimum energy feeding of rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus: Effect of dietary energy level at various feeding rate on performance of rabbitfish, Siganus. P. 123-128. Aquaculture America Conference 2003, December 18 2003. American Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
El-Sayed, A. M. and D. L. Jr Garling. 1988. Carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio in diets for Tilapia zillii fingerlings. Aquaculture 73: 157-153.
Fernández, F., A. G. Miquel, M. Córdoba, M. Varas, I. Metón, A. Caseras, and I. V. Baanante. 2007. Effect of diets with distinct protein-to-carbohydrate ratios on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, body composition and liver intermediary enzyme activities in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L) fingerlings. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 343: 1-10.
Figueiredo-Silva, A. C., G. Corraze, P. Rema, J. Sanchez-Gurmaches, J. Gutiérrez, and L. M. P. Valente. 2009. Blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) lipogenic and glycolytic pathways appear to be more related to dietary protein level than dietary starch type. Aquaculture. 291: 101-110.
Hatlen, B., B. Grisdale-Helland, and S. J. Helland. 2005. Growth, feed utilization and body composition in two size groups of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) fed diets differing in protein and carbohydrate content. Aquaculture. 249: 401-408.
Hemre, G. I., T. P. Mommsen, and A. Krogdahl. 2002. Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: Effect on growth, glucose metabolism and hepatic enzyme. Aquacult Nutri. 8: 175-194.
Hutchins C. G., S. D. Rawles, and D. M. Gatlin. 1998. Effects of dietary carbohydrate kind and level on growth, body composition and glycemic response of juvenile sunshine bass (Morone chrysops female × M. saxatilis male). Aquaculture. 161: 187-199.
Kaushik, S. J., and A. D. Oliva-Teles. 1985. Effect of digestible energy on nitrogen and energy balance in rainbow trout. Aquaculture. 50: 89-101.
Kim, J. D., and S. J. Kaushik. 1992. Contribution of digestible energy from carbohydrates and estimation of protein / energy requirements for growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 106: 161-169.
Kumar, S., N. P. Sahu, A. K. Pal, D. Choudhury, S. Yengkokpam, and S. C. Mukherjee. 2005. Effect of dietary carbohydrate on haematology, respiratory burst activity and histological changes in L. rohita juveniles. Fish Shellfish Immun. 19: 331-344.
Kumar, V., N. P. Sahu, A. K. Pal, S. Kumar, and S. K. Gupta. 2008. Gelatinized to no gelatinized starch ratio in the diet of Laeo rohita: Effect on digestive and metabolic response and growth. J Anim Physiol and An N. 92: 492-502.
Mohapatra, M., N. P. Sahu, and A. Chaudhari. 2003. Utilization of gelatinized carbohydrate in diet of Labeo rohita fry. Aquacult Nutr. 9: 189-196.
Muzinic, L. A., K. R. Thompson, L. S. Metts, S. Dasgupta, and C. D. Webster. 2006. Use of turkey meal as partial and total replacement of fish meal in practical diets for sunshine bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis) grown in tanks. Aquacult. Nutr. 12: 71-81.
Nankervis, L., S. J. Matthews, and P. Appleford. 2000. Effect of dietary non-protein energy source on growth, nutrient retention and circulating insulin-like growth factor l and triiodothyronine levels in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture. 191: 323-335.
Peres, H., P. Gonc¸alves, and A. Oliva-Teles. 1999. Glucose tolerance in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture. 179: 415-423.
Peres, H., and A. Oliva-Teles. 2002. Utilization of raw and gelatinized starch by European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture. 205: 287-299.
Prisingkorn, W. 2018. The effect of high fat and high carbohydrate diets on Growth Performance, Histology and Transcriptome in Blunt Snout Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Ph.D. Thesis. Huazhong Agricultural University, P.R. China.
Prisingkorn, W., I. JakovlicI, S. K. Yi, F. Y. Deng, Y. H. Zhao, and W. M. Wang. 2019. Gene expression patterns indicate that high-fat-high-carbohydrate diet causes mitochondrial dysfunction in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Genome. 62: 53-67.
Prisingkorn, W., P. Prathomya, I. Jakovlic, H. Liu, Y. H. Zhao, and W. M. Wang. 2017. Transcriptomics, metabolomics and histology indicate that high-carbohydrate diet negatively affects the liver health of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). BMC Genomics. 18: 856.
Ren, M., H. M. Habte-Tsion, J. Xie, B. Liu, Q. Zhou, X. Ge, L. Pan, and R. Chen. 2015. Effects of dietary carbohydrate source on growth performance, diet digestibility and liver glucose enzyme activity in blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. Aquaculture. 438: 75-81.
Rosas, C., G. Cuzon, G. Gaxiola, C. Pascual, G. Taboada, L. Arena, and A. Van Wormhoudt. 2002. An Energetic and Conceptual Model of the Physiological Role of Dietary Carbohydrates and Salinity on Litopenaens vannamei juveniles. J.Eep. Mar. Biol. 286: 47-67.
Rungruangsak-Torrissen, K., A. Rustad, J. Sunde, S. A. Eiane, H. B. Jensen, J. Opstvedt, E. Nygard, T. A. Samuelsen, H. Mundheim, U. Luzzana, and G. Venturini. 2002. In vitro digestibility based on fish crude enzyme extract for prediction of feed quality in growth trials. J. Sci. Food Agricult. 82: 644-654.
Sagada, G., J. Chen, B. Shen, A. Huang, L. Sun, J. Jiang, and C. Jin. 2017. Optimizing protein and lipid levels in practical diet for juvenile northern snakehead fish (Channa argus). Anim Nutr. 3: 156-163.
Samantaray, K., and S. Mohanty. 1997. Interactions of dietary levels of protein and energy on fingerling snakehead, Channa striate. Aquaculture. 156: 241-249.
Santigosa, E., J. Sanchez, F. Medale, S. Kaushik, J. Perez-Sanchez, and M. A. Gallardo. 2008. Modifications of digestive enzymes in trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sea bream (Sparus aurata) in response to dietary fish meal replacement by plant protein sources. Aquaculture. 282: 68-74.
Sá, R., P. Pousáo-Ferreira, and A. Oliva-Teles. 2008. Effect of dietary starch source (normal versus waxy) and protein levels on the performance of white sea bream Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus) juveniles. Aquac Res. 39: 1069-1076.
Shalaby, S. M. 1998. Nutrition requirements of rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus, fingerlings. Ph.D. Thesis, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Shiau, S. Y. 1997. Utilization of carbohydrates in warmwater fish with particular reference to tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus. Aquaculture. 151: 79-96.
Shyong, W. J., C. H. Huang, and H. C. Chen. 1998. Effects of dietary protein concentration on growth and muscle composition of juvenile Zacco barbata. Aquaculture. 167: 35-42.
Singer, T. D., V. G. Mahadevappa, and J. S. Ballantyne. 1990. Aspects of the energy metabolism of Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens with special emphasis on lipid and ketone body metabolism. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 873-881.
Small, B. C., and J. H. J. Soares. 1999. Effect of dietary carbohydrate on growth, glucose tolerance and liver composition of juveniles striped bass. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 61:286-292.
Song, Z., I. Deaciuc, Z. Zhou, M. Song, T. Chen, D. Hill, and C. J. McClain. 2007. Involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase in beneficial effects of betaine on high-sucrose diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 293: 894-902.
Stone, D. A. J. 2003. Dietary carbohydrate utilization by fish. Rev Fish Sci. 11: 337-369.
Tan, Q., S. Xie, X. Zhu, W. Lei, and Y. Yang. 2007. Effect of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios on growth and feed utilization in Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Günther). J Appl Ichthyol. 23: 605-610.
Tapia-Salazar, M., W. Bureau, S. Panserat, G. Corraze, and D. P Bureau. 2006. Effect of DHA supplementation on digestible starch utilization by rainbow trout. Brit J Nutr. 95: 76-87.
Van der Meer, M. B., J. E. Zamora, and M. C. Verdegem. 1997. Effect of dietary lipid level on protein utilization and the size and proximate composition of body compartments of Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier). Aquac Res. 28: 405-417.
Wang, Y., Y. J. Liu, L. X. Tian, Z. Y. Du, J. T. Wang, S. Wang, and W.P. Xiao. 2005. Effects of dietary carbohydrate level on growth and body composition of juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus. Aquac Res. 36: 1408-1413.
Watanabe, W. O., S. C. Ellis, and J. Chaves. 2001. Effect of dietary lipid and energy to protein ratio on growth and feed utilization of juvenile mutton snapper Lutjanus analis fed isonitrogenous diets at two temperatures. J. World Aquac. Soc. 32: 30-40.
Wilson, R. P. 1994. Utilization of dietary carbohydrate by fish. Aquaculture. 124: 67-80.
Yigit, M., Ö. Yardim, and S. Koshio. 2002. The protein sparing effects of high lipid levels in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W. 1792) with special reference to reduction of total nitrogen excretion. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh. 54: 79-88.
Zehra, S., and M. Khan. 2012. Dietary protein requirement for fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch), based on growth, feed conversion, protein retention and biochemical composition. Aquacult Int. 20: 383-395.
Zerin, S., Md. S. Ahmed, Md. S. Iqball, and Md. A. H. Chisty. 2010. Determination of in vitro protein digestibility of different feed ingredients for niloticus (Oreochromis niloticus). Bangladesh Res. Publ. J. 4: 87-94.
Zhou, C., X. Ge, J. Niu, H. Lin, Z. Huang, and X. Tan. 2015. Effect of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth performance, body composition, intestinal and hepatic enzyme activities, and growth hormone gene expression of juvenile golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus. Aquaculture. 437: 390-7.
Ahmadi, M. R., and M. Alizadeh. 2004. Effects of dietary protein and energy levels on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in brackish water. Iran J. Fish. Sci. 4: 77-88.
Ai, Q. H., K. S. Mai, H. T. Li, C. X. Zhang, L. Zhang, Q. Y. Duan, B. P. Tan, W. Xu, H. M. Ma, W. B. Zhang, and Z. G. Liufu. 2004. Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus. Aquaculture 230: 507-516.
Analia, V. F. G., C. D. Ana, M. V. Susana, and L. F. Jorge. 2009. In vivo and in vitro Protein Digestibility of Formulated Feeds for Artemesia longinaris (Crutacea, Penaeidae). Brazil Arch. Biol. Technol. 52: 1379-1386.
Areekijseree, M., A. Engkagul, U. Kovitvadhi, A. Thongpan, M. Mingmuang, P. Pakkong, and K. Rungruangsak-Torrissen. 2004. Temperature and pH characteristics of amylase and proteinase of adult freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis (Hyriopsis) bialatus Simpson 1900. Aquaculture 234: 575-587.
Bergheim, I., S. Weber, M. Vos, S. Krämer, V. Volynets, S. Kaserouni, C. J. McClain, and S. C. Bischoff. 2008. Antibiotics protect against fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice: Role of endotoxin. J. Hepatol. 48: 983-992.
Borba, M. R., D. M. Fracalossi, and L. E. Pezzato. 2006. Dietary energy requirement of piracanjuba fingerlings, Brycon orbignyanus, and relative utilization of dietary carbohydrate and lipid. Aqua. Nutr. 12: 183-191.
Bou, M., M. Todorcevic, R. Fontanillas, E. Capilla, J. Gutiérrez, and I. Navarro. 2014. Adipose tissue and liver metabolic responses to different levels of dietary carbohydrates in Gilthead Sea bream (Sparus aurata). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 175: 72-81.
Brauge, C., F. Medale, and G. Corraze. 1994. Effect of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth, body composition and glycaemia in rainbow trout, Oncorhychus mykiss, reared in seawater. Aquaculture 1233: 109-120.
Chou, B. S. and S. Y. Shiau. 1996. Optimal dietary lipid level for growth of juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus. Aquaculture 143: 185-195.
Clow, K. A., K. J. Rodnick, T. J. MacCormack, and W. R. Driedzic. 2004. The regulation and importance of glucose uptake in the isolated Atlantic cod heart: ratelimiting steps and effects of hypoxia. J. Exp. Biol. 207: 1865-1874.
De Silva, S. S. and T. A. Anderson. 1995. Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture. Chapman & Hall. London.
Dias, J., M. J. Alvarez, A. Diez, J. Arzel, G. Corraze, J. M. Bautista, and S. J. Kaushik. 1998. Regulation of hepatic lipogenesis by dietary protein/energy in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 161: 169-186.
Duvnjak, M., I. Lerotic, N. Baršic, V. Tomašic, L. V. Jukic, and V. Velagic. 2007. Pathogenesis and management issues for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J. Gastroentero. 13: 4539-4550.
El-Dakar, A. Y. 1994. Studies on aquatic animal: Shrimp nutrition. Ph.D. Thesis. Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
El-Dakar, A. Y., G. D. I. Hassanen, S. I. Ghoneim, and O. A. Zenhom. 2003. Daily optimum energy feeding of rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus: Effect of dietary energy level at various feeding rate on performance of rabbitfish, Siganus. P. 123-128. Aquaculture America Conference 2003, December 18 2003. American Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
El-Sayed, A. M. and D. L. Jr Garling. 1988. Carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio in diets for Tilapia zillii fingerlings. Aquaculture 73: 157-153.
Fernández, F., A. G. Miquel, M. Córdoba, M. Varas, I. Metón, A. Caseras, and I. V. Baanante. 2007. Effect of diets with distinct protein-to-carbohydrate ratios on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, body composition and liver intermediary enzyme activities in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L) fingerlings. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 343: 1-10.
Figueiredo-Silva, A. C., G. Corraze, P. Rema, J. Sanchez-Gurmaches, J. Gutiérrez, and L. M. P. Valente. 2009. Blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) lipogenic and glycolytic pathways appear to be more related to dietary protein level than dietary starch type. Aquaculture. 291: 101-110.
Hatlen, B., B. Grisdale-Helland, and S. J. Helland. 2005. Growth, feed utilization and body composition in two size groups of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) fed diets differing in protein and carbohydrate content. Aquaculture. 249: 401-408.
Hemre, G. I., T. P. Mommsen, and A. Krogdahl. 2002. Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: Effect on growth, glucose metabolism and hepatic enzyme. Aquacult Nutri. 8: 175-194.
Hutchins C. G., S. D. Rawles, and D. M. Gatlin. 1998. Effects of dietary carbohydrate kind and level on growth, body composition and glycemic response of juvenile sunshine bass (Morone chrysops female × M. saxatilis male). Aquaculture. 161: 187-199.
Kaushik, S. J., and A. D. Oliva-Teles. 1985. Effect of digestible energy on nitrogen and energy balance in rainbow trout. Aquaculture. 50: 89-101.
Kim, J. D., and S. J. Kaushik. 1992. Contribution of digestible energy from carbohydrates and estimation of protein / energy requirements for growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 106: 161-169.
Kumar, S., N. P. Sahu, A. K. Pal, D. Choudhury, S. Yengkokpam, and S. C. Mukherjee. 2005. Effect of dietary carbohydrate on haematology, respiratory burst activity and histological changes in L. rohita juveniles. Fish Shellfish Immun. 19: 331-344.
Kumar, V., N. P. Sahu, A. K. Pal, S. Kumar, and S. K. Gupta. 2008. Gelatinized to no gelatinized starch ratio in the diet of Laeo rohita: Effect on digestive and metabolic response and growth. J Anim Physiol and An N. 92: 492-502.
Mohapatra, M., N. P. Sahu, and A. Chaudhari. 2003. Utilization of gelatinized carbohydrate in diet of Labeo rohita fry. Aquacult Nutr. 9: 189-196.
Muzinic, L. A., K. R. Thompson, L. S. Metts, S. Dasgupta, and C. D. Webster. 2006. Use of turkey meal as partial and total replacement of fish meal in practical diets for sunshine bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis) grown in tanks. Aquacult. Nutr. 12: 71-81.
Nankervis, L., S. J. Matthews, and P. Appleford. 2000. Effect of dietary non-protein energy source on growth, nutrient retention and circulating insulin-like growth factor l and triiodothyronine levels in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture. 191: 323-335.
Peres, H., P. Gonc¸alves, and A. Oliva-Teles. 1999. Glucose tolerance in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture. 179: 415-423.
Peres, H., and A. Oliva-Teles. 2002. Utilization of raw and gelatinized starch by European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture. 205: 287-299.
Prisingkorn, W. 2018. The effect of high fat and high carbohydrate diets on Growth Performance, Histology and Transcriptome in Blunt Snout Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Ph.D. Thesis. Huazhong Agricultural University, P.R. China.
Prisingkorn, W., I. JakovlicI, S. K. Yi, F. Y. Deng, Y. H. Zhao, and W. M. Wang. 2019. Gene expression patterns indicate that high-fat-high-carbohydrate diet causes mitochondrial dysfunction in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Genome. 62: 53-67.
Prisingkorn, W., P. Prathomya, I. Jakovlic, H. Liu, Y. H. Zhao, and W. M. Wang. 2017. Transcriptomics, metabolomics and histology indicate that high-carbohydrate diet negatively affects the liver health of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). BMC Genomics. 18: 856.
Ren, M., H. M. Habte-Tsion, J. Xie, B. Liu, Q. Zhou, X. Ge, L. Pan, and R. Chen. 2015. Effects of dietary carbohydrate source on growth performance, diet digestibility and liver glucose enzyme activity in blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. Aquaculture. 438: 75-81.
Rosas, C., G. Cuzon, G. Gaxiola, C. Pascual, G. Taboada, L. Arena, and A. Van Wormhoudt. 2002. An Energetic and Conceptual Model of the Physiological Role of Dietary Carbohydrates and Salinity on Litopenaens vannamei juveniles. J.Eep. Mar. Biol. 286: 47-67.
Rungruangsak-Torrissen, K., A. Rustad, J. Sunde, S. A. Eiane, H. B. Jensen, J. Opstvedt, E. Nygard, T. A. Samuelsen, H. Mundheim, U. Luzzana, and G. Venturini. 2002. In vitro digestibility based on fish crude enzyme extract for prediction of feed quality in growth trials. J. Sci. Food Agricult. 82: 644-654.
Sagada, G., J. Chen, B. Shen, A. Huang, L. Sun, J. Jiang, and C. Jin. 2017. Optimizing protein and lipid levels in practical diet for juvenile northern snakehead fish (Channa argus). Anim Nutr. 3: 156-163.
Samantaray, K., and S. Mohanty. 1997. Interactions of dietary levels of protein and energy on fingerling snakehead, Channa striate. Aquaculture. 156: 241-249.
Santigosa, E., J. Sanchez, F. Medale, S. Kaushik, J. Perez-Sanchez, and M. A. Gallardo. 2008. Modifications of digestive enzymes in trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sea bream (Sparus aurata) in response to dietary fish meal replacement by plant protein sources. Aquaculture. 282: 68-74.
Sá, R., P. Pousáo-Ferreira, and A. Oliva-Teles. 2008. Effect of dietary starch source (normal versus waxy) and protein levels on the performance of white sea bream Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus) juveniles. Aquac Res. 39: 1069-1076.
Shalaby, S. M. 1998. Nutrition requirements of rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus, fingerlings. Ph.D. Thesis, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Shiau, S. Y. 1997. Utilization of carbohydrates in warmwater fish with particular reference to tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus. Aquaculture. 151: 79-96.
Shyong, W. J., C. H. Huang, and H. C. Chen. 1998. Effects of dietary protein concentration on growth and muscle composition of juvenile Zacco barbata. Aquaculture. 167: 35-42.
Singer, T. D., V. G. Mahadevappa, and J. S. Ballantyne. 1990. Aspects of the energy metabolism of Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens with special emphasis on lipid and ketone body metabolism. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 873-881.
Small, B. C., and J. H. J. Soares. 1999. Effect of dietary carbohydrate on growth, glucose tolerance and liver composition of juveniles striped bass. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 61:286-292.
Song, Z., I. Deaciuc, Z. Zhou, M. Song, T. Chen, D. Hill, and C. J. McClain. 2007. Involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase in beneficial effects of betaine on high-sucrose diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 293: 894-902.
Stone, D. A. J. 2003. Dietary carbohydrate utilization by fish. Rev Fish Sci. 11: 337-369.
Tan, Q., S. Xie, X. Zhu, W. Lei, and Y. Yang. 2007. Effect of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios on growth and feed utilization in Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Günther). J Appl Ichthyol. 23: 605-610.
Tapia-Salazar, M., W. Bureau, S. Panserat, G. Corraze, and D. P Bureau. 2006. Effect of DHA supplementation on digestible starch utilization by rainbow trout. Brit J Nutr. 95: 76-87.
Van der Meer, M. B., J. E. Zamora, and M. C. Verdegem. 1997. Effect of dietary lipid level on protein utilization and the size and proximate composition of body compartments of Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier). Aquac Res. 28: 405-417.
Wang, Y., Y. J. Liu, L. X. Tian, Z. Y. Du, J. T. Wang, S. Wang, and W.P. Xiao. 2005. Effects of dietary carbohydrate level on growth and body composition of juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus. Aquac Res. 36: 1408-1413.
Watanabe, W. O., S. C. Ellis, and J. Chaves. 2001. Effect of dietary lipid and energy to protein ratio on growth and feed utilization of juvenile mutton snapper Lutjanus analis fed isonitrogenous diets at two temperatures. J. World Aquac. Soc. 32: 30-40.
Wilson, R. P. 1994. Utilization of dietary carbohydrate by fish. Aquaculture. 124: 67-80.
Yigit, M., Ö. Yardim, and S. Koshio. 2002. The protein sparing effects of high lipid levels in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W. 1792) with special reference to reduction of total nitrogen excretion. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh. 54: 79-88.
Zehra, S., and M. Khan. 2012. Dietary protein requirement for fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch), based on growth, feed conversion, protein retention and biochemical composition. Aquacult Int. 20: 383-395.
Zerin, S., Md. S. Ahmed, Md. S. Iqball, and Md. A. H. Chisty. 2010. Determination of in vitro protein digestibility of different feed ingredients for niloticus (Oreochromis niloticus). Bangladesh Res. Publ. J. 4: 87-94.
Zhou, C., X. Ge, J. Niu, H. Lin, Z. Huang, and X. Tan. 2015. Effect of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth performance, body composition, intestinal and hepatic enzyme activities, and growth hormone gene expression of juvenile golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus. Aquaculture. 437: 390-7.
