Bio-innovative Production of Soil Amendment from Spent Oyster Mushroom Substrates Co-fermented with Agricultural Organic Waste Using Endophytic Bacteria as Inoculant

Abstract

Bio-innovative production of soil amendment from spent oyster mushroom substrates co-fermented with agricultural organic waste using endophytic bacteria as inoculants helped to shorten the time it takes for soil amendments to occur and to produce an effective soil amendment formula.  Bio-innovative production of soil amendment materials from spent oyster mushroom substrates  co-fermented with agricultural organic waste, using two endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains: Pseudoxanthomonas spadix MJUP08 and Novosphingobium sp. MJUP_r9. Five levels of spent oyster mushroom substrates (50, 60, 70, 80, and 90%) were tested over a fermentation period of 35 days. The optimal formulation contained 80% spent mushroom substrate, 6% coffee husks, 6% corn fodder dust, 7% cow manure and 7% molasses diluted with water at a 1:20 ratio, totaling 10 liters with 60% moisture content. A 10% inoculum of both bacterial strains was applied. This formula resulted in the chemical of the soil amendment, with nitrogen (N₂), phosphorus (P₂O₅), and potassium (K₂O) contents of 0.34, 0.15, and 0.84%, respectively.