Cultivation of Copepod Apocyclops royi AMBT201601 Using Microalga Tetraselmis suecica in Fresh and Cold-Storage Concentrated Forms
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Copepods play a vital role in aquatic food webs and are a key live feed for the larval stages of aquatic organisms. This study investigates the cultivation of the cyclopoid copepod Apocyclops royi AMBT201601 using the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica, and compares the effects of fresh and concentrated microalgae diets. The concentrated microalgae were high-density microalgae that had been filtered and stored at 5°C. Copepods were cultured in 1-L glass bottles under controlled laboratory conditions with continuous illumination and temperature control. The results showed no significant differences (p>0.05) in the maximum total density of copepod (nauplii and adult) between the fresh and concentrated microalgae, with average densities of 42,000 ± 5,393 and 49,333 ± 7,910 individuals/L, respectively. The cultivation scale was then expanded to 50 L under indoor conditions with ambient temperature. It was found that maximum copepod densities remained comparable (p>0.05) between treatments, averaging 18,133 ± 6,047 and 14,067 ± 2,757 individuals/L for fresh and concentrated microalgae, respectively. Fatty acid analysis showed no significant differences (p>0.05) in composition between copepods fed with fresh and concentrated T. suecica. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 18:3n3 represented 3.19–3.64% of total fatty acids, with essential PUFAs such as 22:6n3, 20:5n3, and 20:4n6 also detected. The results indicate that A. royi AMBT201601 can be successfully cultured with concentrated T. suecica while maintaining density and nutritional quality. This method provides a viable approach for producing copepods as live feed for juvenile fish and shrimp, ensuring the availability of essential PUFAs necessary for their growth and development.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
King Mongkut's Agricultural Journal
References
Aji, L. P. (2011). The use of algae concentrates. Dried algae and algal substitutes to feed bivalves. Makara Journal of Science, 15(1), 1-9.
Albentosa, M., Perez-Camacho, A., Labarta, U., & Fernandez-Reiriz, M. (1997). Evaluation of freeze-dried microalgal diets for the seed culture of Ruditapes decussatus using physiological and biochemical parameters. Aquaculture, 154(3-4), 305-321.
Bower, C. E., & Holm-Hansen, T. (1980). A salicylate – hypochlorote method for determining ammonia is seawater. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37(5), 794-798.
Chainark, P., Sriveerachai, Y., & Silapajarn, K. (2017). Developing high-density culture system of Pseudodiaptomus annandalei (Copepoda: Calanoida) with various microalgae concentrate. Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(2), 1-4.
Christie, W. W. (2003). Lipid Analysis: Isolation, Separation, Identification and Structural Analysis of Lipids. 3rd Ed. The Oily Press.
Desvilettes, Ch., Bourdie, G., & Breton, J. Ch. (1997). On the occurrence of a possible bioconversion of linolenic acid into docosahexaenoic acid by the copepod Eucyclops serrulatus fed on microalgae. Journal of Plankton Research, 19(3), 273-278.
Farhadian, O., Yusoff, F., & Arshad, A. (2008). Population growth and production of Apocyclops dengizicus (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) fed on different diets. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 39(3), 384-396.
Folch. J., Lees, M., & Stanley, G. H. S. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226(1), 497–509.
Guillard, R. R. L. (1975). Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates. In Smith, W. L., & Chanley, M. H. (Eds.), Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals, pp. 29-60. Plenum Press.
Hassan, M. M., Parks, V., & Laramore, S. (2021). Assessment of microalgae concentrate as diet for hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, larvae. Aquaculture Nutrition, 27(6), 1871–1879.
Holt, G. J. (2011). Larval fish nutrition. Aquaculture International, 19(5), 1019-1020.
Jepsen, P. M., Andersen, C. V. B., Schjelde, J., & Hansen, B. W. (2015). Tolerance of un-ionized ammonia in live feed cultures of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa Dana. Aquaculture Research, 46(2), 420-431.
Juntarut, P. (2015). Copepod cultivation for larviculture in hatchery. Journal of Agriculture, 31(2), 225-239. (in Thai).
Lee, K., Dahms, H., Park, H. G., & Kang, J. (2013). Population growth and productivity of the cyclopoid copepods Paracyclopina nana, Apocyclops royi and the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus japonicus in mono and polyculture conditions: a laboratory study. Aquaculture Research, 44(5), 836-840.
Lubzens, E., Gibson, O., Zmora, O., & Sukenik, A. (1995). Potential advantages of frozen algae (Nannochloropsis sp.) for rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) culture. Aquaculture, 133(3-4), 295-309.
Milione, M., & Zeng, C. (2007). The effects of algal diets on population growth and egg hatching success of the tropical calanoid copepod, Acartia sinjiensis. Aquaculture, 273(4), 656–664.
Monroig, O., Tocher, D. R., & Navarro, J. C. (2013). Biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine invertebrates: Recent advances in molecular mechanisms. Marine Drugs, 11(10), 3998-4018.
Pan, Y., Sadovskaya, I., Hwang, J., & Souissi, S. (2017). Assessment of the fecundity, population growth and fatty acid composition of Apocyclops royi (Cyclopoida, Copepoda) fed on different microalgal diets. Aquaculture Nutrition, 24(1), 970-978.
Rasdi, N., W., Qin, J. G., & Li, Y. (2016). Effects of dietary microalgae on fatty acids and digestive enzymes in copepod Cyclopina kasignnnete, a potential live food for fish larvae. Aquaculture Research, 47(10), 3254-3264.
Sales, R., Derner, R. B., & Tsuzuki, M. Y. (2019). Effect of different harvesting and processing methods on Nannochloropsis oculate concentrates and their application on rotifer Brachionus sp. cultures. Journal of Applied Phycology, 31(6), 3607-3615.
Sargent, J. R., McEvoy, L. A., & Bell, J. G. (1997). Requirements, presentation and sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine fish larval feeds. Aquaculture, 155(1-4), 117-127.
Seychelles, L. H., Audet, C., Tremblay, R., Fournier, R. P., & Pernet, F. (2009). Essential fatty acid enrichment of cultured rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis, Muller) using frozen-concentrated microalgae. Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(4), 431-439.
Taibta, N., Tapaneeyaworawong, P., Chumtong, P., Burut-Archanai, S., Powtongsook, S., & Kutako, M. (2017). Life cycle and growth of cyclopoid copepods Apocyclops royi and Macrocyclops albidus. In Proceeding of the 8th National Conference on Algae and Plankton, pp. 127-137. Burapha University. (in Thai).
Team, R. C. (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Watanabe, T., Kitajima, C., & Fujita, S. (1983). Nutritional profile of live organisms in Japan for mass propagation of fish: a review. Aquaculture, 34(1-2), 115-143.
