งาขี้ม้อน: ทางเลือกอาหารสัตว์เพื่อเพิ่มปริมาณกรดไขมันโอเมกาสามในเนื้อสัตว์และไข่สำหรับเป็นอาหารเพื่อสุขภาพ
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เผยแพร่แล้ว:
มิ.ย. 11, 2020
คำสำคัญ:
งาขี้ม้อน ลักษณะซาก คุณภาพเนื้อ
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บทคัดย่อ
สุขภาพมนุษย์กลายเป็นเรื่องที่น่าวิตกกังวลจากตัวเลขของจำนวนผู้ป่วยที่เป็นโรคหลอดเลือดหัวใจทั่วโลกที่กำลังเพิ่มสูงขึ้น การบริโภคอาหารในลักษณะของอาหารเพื่อสุขภาพ (functional food) โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง omega-3 ซึ่งเป็นทางเลือกหนึ่งในการรักษาสุขภาพโดยการบริโภคสารอาหารที่ดีต่อสุขภาพ จากการรายงานข้อดีของกรดไขมันโอเมกา (omega) 3, 6 และ 9 ในด้านการลดความเสี่ยงของการเกิดโรคหลอดเลือดหัวใจได้เป็นอย่างดี omega-3 เป็นกรดไขมันที่ทราบกันดีว่ามักพบในปลาทะเล แต่เมื่อไม่นานมานี้มีนักวิจัยรายงานว่าพบว่าในงาขี้ม้อน (Perilla frutescens) เป็นแหล่งกรดไขมัน omega-3 ที่มีศักยภาพสูงเช่นกัน โดยเฉพาะเมล็ดงาขี้ม้อนมีการรายงานว่าพบองค์ประกอบของ omega-3 สูง และเมื่อใช้เมล็ดงาขี้ม้อนและกากงาขี้ม้อน ร่วมในอาหารสัตว์ เช่น สุกร และไก่ พบว่าสามารถเพิ่ม omega-3 ในเนื้อสุกร ไก่เนื้อ และไข่ได้ และข้อดีของงาขี้ม้อนยังสามารถลดต้นทุนการผลิตสัตว์ ได้เนื้อที่มีคุณค่าสูงกว่าแหล่งโปรตีนในอาหารสัตว์ทดแทนแหล่งโปรตีนอื่นเช่น กากถั่วเหลือง นอกจากนี้เมล็ดงาขี้ม้อนยังมีสารยับยั้งการทำงานของเอนไซม์ทริปซินต่ำกว่ากากถั่วเหลืองอีกด้วย ซึ่งถือว่าเป็นข้อดีในการนำมาใช้เป็นอาหารสัตว์
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References
Ampanchai, S., S. Nuglor, P. Puddhanon, P. Supapornhemin and V. Champa. 2008. Effect of storage conditions on seed quality and oil content of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. in the upper north of Thailand. Agricultural Science Journal 39(3): 421-424.
Asif, M. 2011. Health effects of omega-3,6,9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Journal 11(1): 51-59.
Azin, M.N. and B. Behnood. 2014. Omega-3 Supplements and Cardiovascular Diseases. National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 13(1): 6-14.
Bodwell, C. E. and D. T. Hopkins. 1985. Nutritional characteristics of oilseed proteins. pp. 221-257. In: A.M. Altschul and H.L. Wilcke (eds.). New Protein Foods. Volume 5. Seed Storage Protein. Academic Press, New York.
Brenner, D.M. 1993. Perilla: botany, uses, and genetic resources. pp. 322-328. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.). New Crops. John Wiley and Sons, NY.
Budowski, P. 1988. ω-3 fatty acids in health and disease. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 57: 214-274.
Clayton, Z.S., E. Fusco and M. Kern. 2017. Egg consumption and heart health: A review. Nutrition 37: 79-85.
Connor, W. E. 2001. n-3 Fatty acids from fish and fish oil: panacea or nostrum?. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74(4): 415-416.
Council of Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR). 1966. The Wealth of India: Raw Materials. Publications and Information Directorate, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.
Crawford, M. A. 1987. The requirements of long chain n-6 and n-3 fatty acids for the brain. pp. 270-295. In: W.E.M. Land (ed.). Proceedings of the AOCS short course on polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids. American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, Illinois.
de Souza, R., A. Mente, A. Maroleanu, A. Cozma, V. Ha, T. Kishibe, E. Uleryk, P. Budylowski, H. Schünemann, J. Beyene and S.S. Anand. 2015. Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. British Medical Journal 351: h3978.
Diwakar, B.T., P.K. Dutta, B.R. Lokesh and K.A. Naidu. 2008. Bio-availability and metabolism of n-3 fatty acid rich garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seed oil in albino rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 78(2): 123-30.
ENV/JM/MONO. 2001. Consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of soybean: key food and feed nutrients and anti-nutrients. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds 5(9): 1-60.
FAO/WHO/UNU. 1985. Joint Expert Consultation. Energy and Protein Requirements. Technical Report Series 724. WHO, Geneva.
Fraeye, I., C. Bruneel, C. Lemahieu, J. Buyse, K. Muylaert and I. Foubert. 2012. Dietary enrichment of eggs with omega-3 fatty acids: A review. Food Research International Journal 48: 961-969.
Gester, H. 1998. Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)?. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 68: 159-173.
Glenn, N., J. Bill and S. Brad. 2010. Beefsteake Plant (Perilla mint). Purdue Weed Science. Ws-043-w.
Ha, T.H., J.H. Lee, M.H. Lee, B.W. Lee, H.S. Kwon, C.H. Park, K.B. Shim, H.T. Kim, I.Y. Baek and D.S.Jang. 2012. Isolation and identification of phenolic compounds from the seeds of Perilla frutescens (L.) and their inhibitory activities against a-glucosidase and aldose reductase. Food Chemistry 135: 1317-1403.
Harris, W.S., D. Mozaffarian, M. Lefevre, C.D. Toner, J. Colombo, S.C. Cunnane, J.M. Holden, D.M. Klurfeld, M.C. Morris and J. Whelan. 2009. Towards establishing dietary reference intakes for eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Journal of Nutrition 139(4): 804S-819S (subplement).
Harvey R.A. and D.R. Ferrier. 2011. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry. 5th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia. 531 p.
Hyun, J., T.K. Beom, S.S. Geun and S.K. Young. 2014. Structural characterization of phenolic antioxidants from purple perilla (Perilla frutescens var. acuta) leaves. Food Chemistry. 148: 267-272.
Ihara, M., H. Umekawa, T. Takahashi and Y. Furuichi. 1998. Comparative effects of short- and long-term feeding of safflower oil and perilla oil on lipid metabolism in rats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B 121: 223–231.
Joshi, A., A. Sharma, D. P. Pandey and R. K. Bachheti. 2015. Physico-chemical properties of Perilla frutescens seeds. Der Pharma Chemica 7(5): 35-41.
Kromann, N. and A. Green. 1980. Epidemiological studies in the Upernavik district, Greenland. Incidence of some chronic diseases 1950-1974. Acta Medica Scandinavica 208(5): 401-406.
Kusanteay, D. and S. Uriyapongson. 2016. Effect of dried tomato pomace in concentrate diets on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Thai native cattle. Journal of Agriculture 32(2): 261-271.
Lecerf, M.J. 2009. Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Nutrition Reviews 67(5): 273-83.
Lewis, C.J. 2008. Letter regarding dietary supplement health claim for omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease. (Online). Available: http://deanornish.com/wp-content/uploads/the_Dark_Side_of_Good_Fats_Dean_Ornish.pdf?b70fc9 (October 21, 2016).
Li, Q., G. Yan and T. Ge. 2008. A fragmentation study of two compounds related to 4’-demethylepipodophyllotoxin in negative ion electrospray ionization by MSn ion-trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Communication in Mass Spectrometry 22(3): 373-378.
Longvah, T. and Y.G. Deosthale.1991. Chemical and nutritional studies on Hanshi (Perilla frutescens) a traditional oilseed from northeast India. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 68: 781-784.
Longvah, T. and Y.G. Deosthale.1998. Effect of dehulling, cooking and roasting on the protein quality of Perilla frutescens seed. Food Chemistry 63(4): 519-523.
Longvah, T., Y.G. Deosthale and K. P. Uday. 2000. Nutritional and short term toxicological evaluation of perilla seed oil. Food Chemistry 70(1): 13-16.
Meng, L., Y. Loazno, E. Gaydou and B. Li. 2009. Antioxidant activities of polyphenols extracted from Perilla frutescens varieties. Molecules 14(1): 133–140.
Mozaffarian, D., R. Micha and S. Wallace. 2010. Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLOS Medicine Journal 7(3): e1000252.
Nestel, P., P. Clifton, D. Colquhoun, T.A. Mori and B. Thomas. 2015. Indications for omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty Acid in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Heart, Lung and Circulation 24(8): 769-779.
Neuringer, M., G.J. Anderson and W.E. Lonnor. 1988. The essentiality of n-3 fatty acids for the development and function of the retina and brain. Annual Review of Nutrition 8: 517.
Office of Agricultural Economics. 2014. Important situation of agriculture product and tendency in 2015 (chicken). Office of Agricultural Economics, Bangkok.
Office of Agricultural Economics. 2015. Important situation of agriculture product and tendency in 2015 (swine). Office of Agricultural Economics, Bangkok.
Oita, S., T. Kimura, Y. Shibuya, N. Nihei and K. Tanahashi. 2008. Extraction and digestibility of Perilla frutescens seed protein. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 42(3): 211-214.
Ornish, D. 2016. The dark side of good fats in newsweek. (Online). Available: ///C|/Users/Michael/Documents/Focus97/F9...otes/The%20Dark%20Side%20of%20Good%20Fats.htm (December 19, 2016).
Peiretti, P.G., F. Gai, G. Meineri, I. Zoccarato and L. Gasco. 2010. Apparent digestibility of compound diets with increasing levels of perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) seeds in rabbit. Italian Journal of Animal Science 9(81): 425-428.
Peiretti, P. 2011. Fatty acid content and chemical composition of vegetative parts of perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) after different growth lengths. Research Journal of Medicinal Plants 5(1): 72-78.
Rosa, P., R. Antoniassi, S. Freitas, H. Bizzo, D. Zanotto and M. Oliveira. 2009. Chemical composition of Brazilian sunflower varieties. Helia Journal 32(50): 145-155.
Saito, K., M. Nomura and J. Kimura. 2006. Effect of feeding perilla oil, meal and leaves on fatty acid contents in egg yolk. (Online). Available: http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=JP2002002526 (December 1, 2016).
Settaluri, V.S.K., C.V.K. Kandala, N. Puppala and J. Sundaram. 2012. Peanuts and their nutritional aspects-a review. Food and Nutrition Sciences 3(12): 1644-1650.
Shannon, M. 2016. Which fat source should I feed my pigs? (Online). Available: http://swine. missouri.edu/nutrition/pigfatsource.htm (December 16, 2016).
Su, Y., Y. She, Q. Huang, C. Shi, Z. Li and C. Huang. 2015. The effect of inclusion level of soybean oil and palm oil on their digestible and metabolizable energy content determined with the difference and regression method when fed to growing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 28(12): 1751-1759.
Sudheendran, S., C.C. Chang and R.J. Deckelbaum. 2010. N-3 vs. saturated fatty acids: Effects on the arterial wall. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 82(4-6): 205–209.
Talbott, S.M. and K. Hughes. 2006. In The Health Professional’s Guide to Dietary Supplements. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
Tancharoenrat, P. 2014. Factors considered in using fat in broilers feed formulation. Thai Journal of Animal Science 1(3): 7-16.
Tinoco, J. 1982. Dietary requirements and functions of a-linolenic acid in animals. Progress in Lipid Research 21(1): 1-45.
Weizhuo, T., S. Yanling, L. Yanze, W. Yingfeng and Z. Yqing. 2013. Fast extraction of bioactive fatty acids from the perilla seeds by SMASH tissue extraction. Pakistan Journal of Botany 45(2): 513-517.
WHO (World Health Organization). 2014. Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2014. WHO Document Production Services Publishing, Geneva. 201 p.
Wilson, B.J., J.E. Garst, R.D. Linnabary and R.B. Channell. 1977. Perilla ketone: a potent lung toxin from the mint plant, Perilla frutescens. Britton Science 197(4303): 573-574.
Yamada, M., A. Soeta, S. Sekiguti, J. Aminaka, K. Yamada and K. Mutou. 2007. Effects of Perilla meal feeding on the growth, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of fat tissue and muscle in fattening pigs. Japanese Journal of Swine Science 44(2): 45-53.
Zang, S., T. Li, Y. Song and X. Wang. 2003. Effects of Perilla frutescens in diet of laying hens on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in egg yolk. Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine 35(6): 13-16.
Zollner, N. 1986. Dietary a-linolenic acid in man-an overview. Progress in Lipid Research 25: 177-180.
Asif, M. 2011. Health effects of omega-3,6,9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Journal 11(1): 51-59.
Azin, M.N. and B. Behnood. 2014. Omega-3 Supplements and Cardiovascular Diseases. National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 13(1): 6-14.
Bodwell, C. E. and D. T. Hopkins. 1985. Nutritional characteristics of oilseed proteins. pp. 221-257. In: A.M. Altschul and H.L. Wilcke (eds.). New Protein Foods. Volume 5. Seed Storage Protein. Academic Press, New York.
Brenner, D.M. 1993. Perilla: botany, uses, and genetic resources. pp. 322-328. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.). New Crops. John Wiley and Sons, NY.
Budowski, P. 1988. ω-3 fatty acids in health and disease. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 57: 214-274.
Clayton, Z.S., E. Fusco and M. Kern. 2017. Egg consumption and heart health: A review. Nutrition 37: 79-85.
Connor, W. E. 2001. n-3 Fatty acids from fish and fish oil: panacea or nostrum?. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74(4): 415-416.
Council of Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR). 1966. The Wealth of India: Raw Materials. Publications and Information Directorate, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.
Crawford, M. A. 1987. The requirements of long chain n-6 and n-3 fatty acids for the brain. pp. 270-295. In: W.E.M. Land (ed.). Proceedings of the AOCS short course on polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids. American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, Illinois.
de Souza, R., A. Mente, A. Maroleanu, A. Cozma, V. Ha, T. Kishibe, E. Uleryk, P. Budylowski, H. Schünemann, J. Beyene and S.S. Anand. 2015. Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. British Medical Journal 351: h3978.
Diwakar, B.T., P.K. Dutta, B.R. Lokesh and K.A. Naidu. 2008. Bio-availability and metabolism of n-3 fatty acid rich garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seed oil in albino rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 78(2): 123-30.
ENV/JM/MONO. 2001. Consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of soybean: key food and feed nutrients and anti-nutrients. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds 5(9): 1-60.
FAO/WHO/UNU. 1985. Joint Expert Consultation. Energy and Protein Requirements. Technical Report Series 724. WHO, Geneva.
Fraeye, I., C. Bruneel, C. Lemahieu, J. Buyse, K. Muylaert and I. Foubert. 2012. Dietary enrichment of eggs with omega-3 fatty acids: A review. Food Research International Journal 48: 961-969.
Gester, H. 1998. Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)?. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 68: 159-173.
Glenn, N., J. Bill and S. Brad. 2010. Beefsteake Plant (Perilla mint). Purdue Weed Science. Ws-043-w.
Ha, T.H., J.H. Lee, M.H. Lee, B.W. Lee, H.S. Kwon, C.H. Park, K.B. Shim, H.T. Kim, I.Y. Baek and D.S.Jang. 2012. Isolation and identification of phenolic compounds from the seeds of Perilla frutescens (L.) and their inhibitory activities against a-glucosidase and aldose reductase. Food Chemistry 135: 1317-1403.
Harris, W.S., D. Mozaffarian, M. Lefevre, C.D. Toner, J. Colombo, S.C. Cunnane, J.M. Holden, D.M. Klurfeld, M.C. Morris and J. Whelan. 2009. Towards establishing dietary reference intakes for eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Journal of Nutrition 139(4): 804S-819S (subplement).
Harvey R.A. and D.R. Ferrier. 2011. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry. 5th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia. 531 p.
Hyun, J., T.K. Beom, S.S. Geun and S.K. Young. 2014. Structural characterization of phenolic antioxidants from purple perilla (Perilla frutescens var. acuta) leaves. Food Chemistry. 148: 267-272.
Ihara, M., H. Umekawa, T. Takahashi and Y. Furuichi. 1998. Comparative effects of short- and long-term feeding of safflower oil and perilla oil on lipid metabolism in rats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B 121: 223–231.
Joshi, A., A. Sharma, D. P. Pandey and R. K. Bachheti. 2015. Physico-chemical properties of Perilla frutescens seeds. Der Pharma Chemica 7(5): 35-41.
Kromann, N. and A. Green. 1980. Epidemiological studies in the Upernavik district, Greenland. Incidence of some chronic diseases 1950-1974. Acta Medica Scandinavica 208(5): 401-406.
Kusanteay, D. and S. Uriyapongson. 2016. Effect of dried tomato pomace in concentrate diets on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Thai native cattle. Journal of Agriculture 32(2): 261-271.
Lecerf, M.J. 2009. Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Nutrition Reviews 67(5): 273-83.
Lewis, C.J. 2008. Letter regarding dietary supplement health claim for omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease. (Online). Available: http://deanornish.com/wp-content/uploads/the_Dark_Side_of_Good_Fats_Dean_Ornish.pdf?b70fc9 (October 21, 2016).
Li, Q., G. Yan and T. Ge. 2008. A fragmentation study of two compounds related to 4’-demethylepipodophyllotoxin in negative ion electrospray ionization by MSn ion-trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Communication in Mass Spectrometry 22(3): 373-378.
Longvah, T. and Y.G. Deosthale.1991. Chemical and nutritional studies on Hanshi (Perilla frutescens) a traditional oilseed from northeast India. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 68: 781-784.
Longvah, T. and Y.G. Deosthale.1998. Effect of dehulling, cooking and roasting on the protein quality of Perilla frutescens seed. Food Chemistry 63(4): 519-523.
Longvah, T., Y.G. Deosthale and K. P. Uday. 2000. Nutritional and short term toxicological evaluation of perilla seed oil. Food Chemistry 70(1): 13-16.
Meng, L., Y. Loazno, E. Gaydou and B. Li. 2009. Antioxidant activities of polyphenols extracted from Perilla frutescens varieties. Molecules 14(1): 133–140.
Mozaffarian, D., R. Micha and S. Wallace. 2010. Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLOS Medicine Journal 7(3): e1000252.
Nestel, P., P. Clifton, D. Colquhoun, T.A. Mori and B. Thomas. 2015. Indications for omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty Acid in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Heart, Lung and Circulation 24(8): 769-779.
Neuringer, M., G.J. Anderson and W.E. Lonnor. 1988. The essentiality of n-3 fatty acids for the development and function of the retina and brain. Annual Review of Nutrition 8: 517.
Office of Agricultural Economics. 2014. Important situation of agriculture product and tendency in 2015 (chicken). Office of Agricultural Economics, Bangkok.
Office of Agricultural Economics. 2015. Important situation of agriculture product and tendency in 2015 (swine). Office of Agricultural Economics, Bangkok.
Oita, S., T. Kimura, Y. Shibuya, N. Nihei and K. Tanahashi. 2008. Extraction and digestibility of Perilla frutescens seed protein. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 42(3): 211-214.
Ornish, D. 2016. The dark side of good fats in newsweek. (Online). Available: ///C|/Users/Michael/Documents/Focus97/F9...otes/The%20Dark%20Side%20of%20Good%20Fats.htm (December 19, 2016).
Peiretti, P.G., F. Gai, G. Meineri, I. Zoccarato and L. Gasco. 2010. Apparent digestibility of compound diets with increasing levels of perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) seeds in rabbit. Italian Journal of Animal Science 9(81): 425-428.
Peiretti, P. 2011. Fatty acid content and chemical composition of vegetative parts of perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) after different growth lengths. Research Journal of Medicinal Plants 5(1): 72-78.
Rosa, P., R. Antoniassi, S. Freitas, H. Bizzo, D. Zanotto and M. Oliveira. 2009. Chemical composition of Brazilian sunflower varieties. Helia Journal 32(50): 145-155.
Saito, K., M. Nomura and J. Kimura. 2006. Effect of feeding perilla oil, meal and leaves on fatty acid contents in egg yolk. (Online). Available: http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=JP2002002526 (December 1, 2016).
Settaluri, V.S.K., C.V.K. Kandala, N. Puppala and J. Sundaram. 2012. Peanuts and their nutritional aspects-a review. Food and Nutrition Sciences 3(12): 1644-1650.
Shannon, M. 2016. Which fat source should I feed my pigs? (Online). Available: http://swine. missouri.edu/nutrition/pigfatsource.htm (December 16, 2016).
Su, Y., Y. She, Q. Huang, C. Shi, Z. Li and C. Huang. 2015. The effect of inclusion level of soybean oil and palm oil on their digestible and metabolizable energy content determined with the difference and regression method when fed to growing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 28(12): 1751-1759.
Sudheendran, S., C.C. Chang and R.J. Deckelbaum. 2010. N-3 vs. saturated fatty acids: Effects on the arterial wall. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 82(4-6): 205–209.
Talbott, S.M. and K. Hughes. 2006. In The Health Professional’s Guide to Dietary Supplements. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
Tancharoenrat, P. 2014. Factors considered in using fat in broilers feed formulation. Thai Journal of Animal Science 1(3): 7-16.
Tinoco, J. 1982. Dietary requirements and functions of a-linolenic acid in animals. Progress in Lipid Research 21(1): 1-45.
Weizhuo, T., S. Yanling, L. Yanze, W. Yingfeng and Z. Yqing. 2013. Fast extraction of bioactive fatty acids from the perilla seeds by SMASH tissue extraction. Pakistan Journal of Botany 45(2): 513-517.
WHO (World Health Organization). 2014. Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2014. WHO Document Production Services Publishing, Geneva. 201 p.
Wilson, B.J., J.E. Garst, R.D. Linnabary and R.B. Channell. 1977. Perilla ketone: a potent lung toxin from the mint plant, Perilla frutescens. Britton Science 197(4303): 573-574.
Yamada, M., A. Soeta, S. Sekiguti, J. Aminaka, K. Yamada and K. Mutou. 2007. Effects of Perilla meal feeding on the growth, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of fat tissue and muscle in fattening pigs. Japanese Journal of Swine Science 44(2): 45-53.
Zang, S., T. Li, Y. Song and X. Wang. 2003. Effects of Perilla frutescens in diet of laying hens on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in egg yolk. Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine 35(6): 13-16.
Zollner, N. 1986. Dietary a-linolenic acid in man-an overview. Progress in Lipid Research 25: 177-180.