Androstenone and Skatole in Boar Meat
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Published:
Oct 16, 2020
Keywords:
Meat production Boar meat Pig Androstenone Skatole
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Abstract
The advantages of entire meat production for growth performance and carcass quality trait are higher in male than in female pig. The disadvantages of this production for malodours compounds are concerned by consumers. Androstenone is testicular anabolic hormone, urine-like odour. The other compound is skatole (faecal odour), that is produced by microorganism in gastrointestinal gut. Both compounds are accumulated in adipose tissue. When fat tissue is heated, the odour will be detected easily.
However, it can be considered that the amount of androstenone and skatole can be accepted by consumer if they are situated somewhere 0.5 and 0.25 ppm, respectively. The contents of androstenone and skatole in fat are highly dependent on many factors such as genetic, age, season, diet, feeding system, housing and management
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References
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Smed, A.F., N. Kjeldsen and F. Udesen. 1993. Practical tests regarding skatole levels in entire male pigs. 44th E.A.A.P., Arhus, Denmark.
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Walstra, P. 1974. Fattening of young boars: quantification of negative and positive aspects. Lives. Prod. Sci., 1: 187-196.
Yokoyama, M.T., J.R. Carlson and L.V. Holdeman. 1977. Isolation and characteristics of a skatole producing Lactobacillus sp. Appl. and Envir. Micro. 41: 72-76.
Bernal-Barragan, H. 1992. Physiologische und nutritive Einfluess auf die Bildung von Skatol (3- Methylindol) im Dickdarm von Schweinen. Diss. Sc. Agr., Univ. Hohenheim, Germany.
Bonneau, M. 1993. Effects of different compounds on boar taint. 44th E.A.A.P., Arhus, Denmark. Bonneau, M., M. Le Denmat, J.C. Vaudelet, J.R. Veloso Nunes, A.B. Mortensen and H.P. Mortensen. 1992. Contributions of fat androstenone and skatole to boar taint: I. Sensory attributes of fat and pork meat. Livest. Prod. Sci., 32: 63-80.
Claus, R., Weiler, U. and A. Herzog. 1994. Physiological aspects of androstenone and skatole formation in the boar- A review with experement data. Meat Sci. 38: 289-305.
Claus, R., and B. Hoffman. 1980. Determination of a-16-steroids in boars. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh) sUPPL., 155: 70.
Herzog, A., E. Herbert, M. Dehnhard und R. Claus. 1993. Mitteilungsblatt der Bundesanstalt fuer Fleischforschung Kulmbach, 120: 110.
Judge, M.D. , E.W. Mills, M.W. Orcutt, J.C. Forrest, M.A. Diekman, B.G. Harmon, R.S. Lis, and L.L. Nicholls. 1990. Utilization of boar meat: Composition, quality and odor incidence in relation to androstenone and skatole. J. Anim. Sci., 68: 1030-1033
Kempster, A.J. and D.B. Lowe. 1993. Meat production with entire males. 44th E.A.A.P., Arhus, Denmark.
Kowalenska, J., H. Zelazowska, A. Babuchowski, E. G. Hammond, B. A. Glatz and F. Ross. 1985. Isolation of aromabearing material from Lactobacillus helveticus culture and cheese. J. of Dairy Sci. 58: 2165-2171.
Larsen, A.E., L.L. Hansen and J. Hansen-Moller. 1993. Influence of keeping pigs heavily fouled with faeces or clean for at least a week at high stocking rate and high temperature on skatole concentration in subcutaneous fat (boar taint). 44th E.A.A.P., Arhus, Denmark
Lundström, K., B. Malmfors, G. Malfors, S. Stern, H. Peterson, A.B. Mortensen and SE. Sorensen. 1988. Skatole, androstenone and taint in boars fed two different diets. Livest. Prod. Sci., 18: 55-67
Malmfors, B., K. Lundstrmöm and I. Hansson. 1978. The importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint. Swed. J. Agric. Res. 8 : 161-169.
Malmfors, B. and K. Lundström. 1983. Consumer reactions to boar meat -A review. Livest. Prod. Sci., 10: 187-196.
Mortensen, A.B. and S.E. Sorensen 1984. Relationship between boar taint and skatole determined with a new analysis method. Proc. 30th Eurpean Meeting of Meat Research Workers, Bristol, pp. 394-396.
Mortensen, A.B., C. Bejerholm and J.K. Pedersen. 1986. Consumer test of meat from entire males, in relation to skatole in backfat. Proc. 32nd European Meeting of Meat Research Workers, Ghent, pp 23-26.
Nonboe, U. 1991. Biological mechanism behind skatole concentration in backfat. Adelning for Dyrefysiologi og biokemi, KVL, Kbenhavn.
Patterson, R.L.S. 1986. 5 -androst-16-ene-3-one: Compound responsible for taint in boar fat. J. Sci. Food Agric., 19: 31-37.
Prelog, V. and L. Ruzicka. 1994. Helv. Chim. Acta. 27, 61-66.
Procter, M.H. 1958. Bacterial dissimilation of indoleaceteic acid a new route of breakdown of the indole nucleus. Nature, 4619: 1345.
Rydhmer, L., S. Stern and L. Malmgren. 1993. Sexual maturation of entire males at pig progeny testing station. 44th E.A.A.P., Arhus, Denmark.
Smed, A.F., N. Kjeldsen and F. Udesen. 1993. Practical tests regarding skatole levels in entire male pigs. 44th E.A.A.P., Arhus, Denmark.
Spray, R.S. 1948. Three new species of the genus clostridium. J. of Bact. 55, 839-842.
Vold, E. 1970. Fleischproduktionseigenschaften bei ebern und kastraten. IV. Organoleptische und gaschromatographische untersuchungen wasserdampfflöchtiger stoffe des röcken-speckes von ebern. Report No 238, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding. NLH Vollebekk, Norway, 25 pp.
Walstra, P. 1974. Fattening of young boars: quantification of negative and positive aspects. Lives. Prod. Sci., 1: 187-196.
Yokoyama, M.T., J.R. Carlson and L.V. Holdeman. 1977. Isolation and characteristics of a skatole producing Lactobacillus sp. Appl. and Envir. Micro. 41: 72-76.
