แนวทางการศึกษาความหลากหลายทางพันธุกรรมในสัตว์พื้นเมือง
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ต.ค. 28, 2020
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ความหลากหลายทางพันธุกรรม ตัวบ่งชี้ระดับโปรตีน ตัวบ่งชี้ระดับ DNA
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บทคัดย่อ
ความหลากหลายทางพันธุกรรมเป็นปัจจัยที่สำคัญซึ่งนำไปสู่การปรับปรุงพันธุ์ แต่ความหลากหลายทางพันธุกรรมในสัตว์สายพันธุ์ทางการค้าถูกจำกัด โดยการคัดเลือกพันธุ์ที่เน้นลักษณะทางผลผลิตฉะนั้นเพื่อมิให้ความหลากหลายทางพันธุกรรมซึ่งอยู่ในรูปสัตว์พื้นเมืองต่าง ๆ ที่ยังคงหลงเหลือในธรรมชาตินั้นต้องสูญหายไป บทความนี้จึงเสนอแนะหนทางในการอนุรักษ์ และวิธีการหรือตัวบ่งชี้ที่ใช้ศึกษาความหลากหลายทางพันธุกรรมเหล่านั้นไม่ว่าจะเป็นวิธีการที่ศึกษาในระดับโปรตีน หรือระดับ DNA
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References
Ali, S., Mller, C. R. and Epplen, J. T. (1986). DNA fingerprinting by oligonucleotide probes specific for simple repeats. Hum. Genet. 74: 239-243.
Baker, C. M. A.(1968). Molecular genetics of avian proteins- IX Interspecific and intraspecific variation of egg white proteins of the genus Gallus. Genetics 58: 221-226.
Bermingham, E., Forbes, S. H., Friedland, K. and Pla, C. (1991). Discrimination between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) of North American and European origin using restriction analyses of mitochondrial DNA. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 884-893.
Bowcock, A. M., Ruiz-Linares, A., Tomfohrde, J., Minch, E., Kidd, J. R. and Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1994). High resolution of human evolutionary trees with polymorphic microsatellites. Nature 368: 455-457.
Buchanan, F. C., Adams, L. J., Littlejohn, R. P., Maddox, J. F. and Crawford, A. M.(1994). Determination of evolutionary relationships among sheep breeds using microsatellites. Genomics 22(2): 397-403.
Bulfield, G. (1990). Molecular genetics. In Poultry Breeding and Genetics (ed. R. D. Crawford). Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
Dunnington, E. A., Stallard, L. C., Hillel, J. and Siegel, P. B. (1994). Genetic diversity among commercial chicken populations estimated from DNA fingerprints. Poultry Sci. 73: 1218-1225. Edwards A., Hammond, H. A., Jin, L., Caskey, T. and Chakraborty, R. (1992). Genetic variation at five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeat loci in four human population groups. Genomic 12: 241-253.
Epplen, J. T. (1988). On simple repeated GATA/GACA sequences: a critical reappraisal. J. Heredity 79: 409-417.
FAO (1981) Animal genetic resources conservation and management. Proceedings of the FAO/ UNEP Technical Consultation. FAO Animal Production and Health paper 24. FAO, Rome, 388 PP.
FAO (1992) The management of global animal genetic resources. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 108. FAO, Rome, 309 pp.
Franklin, I.R. (1981). Population size and the genetic improvement of animal. In Future Developments in the Genetic Improvement of Animals, Eds J. F. Barker, K. Hammond and A. E. McClintock, Academic Press Australia, Sydney. pp. 181-196.
Glaus, K. R. (1980). The structure, organization and evolution of avian mitochondrial DNA. Ph. D. Thesis, Ohio State University. USA.
Graves, J. E., Ferris, S. D. and Dizon, A.E. (1984). Close genetic similarity of Atlantic and Pacific skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) demon strated with restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Mar. Biol. 79: 315-319.
Groen, A. F. Crooijmans, R. P. M. A. Van Kampen, A. J. A. Van der Beek, S. Van der Poel, J. J. and Groenen, M. A. N. (1994). Microsatellite polymorphism in commercial broiler and layer lines. Proceedings of the 5th World congress on genetics applied to livestock production. Guelph, 7-12 August 1994. 21: 94-97.
Hashiguchi, T., Tsuneyoshi, M., Nishida, T., Higashiuwatoko, H. and Hiraoka, E. (1981). Phylogenetic relationships determined by the blood protein types of fowls. Japan. J. Zootech. Sci. 52(10): 713-729.
Hashiguchi, T., Yanagida, M., Maeda, Y. and Taketomi, M. (1970). Genetical studies on serum amylase isozyme in fowls. Japan. J. Genet. 45: 341-349.
Hayashi, J. I. Yonekawa, H., Gotoh, O., Tagashira, Y., Moriwaki, K. and Yoshida, T.H. (1979). Evolutionary aspects of variant types of rat mitochondrial DNAs.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 56 4: 202-211.
Hill, W.G. and Keightley, P.D. (1988). Interrelations of mutation, population size, artificial and natural selection. Proc. Second Internat. Conf. Quant. Genet. (eds B. S. Weir, E. J. Eisen, M.M. Goodman and G. Namkoong), Sinauer, Sunderland. pp. 57-70.
Jeffreys, A. J., Wilson, V. and Thein, S. L. (1985). Hypervariable ‘minisatellite’ regions in human DNA. Nature. 314: 67-73.
Ma J. G. and Lu X. Z. (1993). Studies on serum protein polymorphism and genetic relationships among black-bone fowls. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica. 24(1): 12-16.
O'Brien, S. J. , Roelke, M. E. , Marker, L., Newman, A. , Winkler, C. A. , Meltzer, D., Colly, L., Evermann, J. F., Bush, M. and Wildt, D. E. (1985). Genetic basis for species vulnerability in the cheetah. Science 227: 1428-1434.
O'Brien, S. J., Wildt, D.E., Bush, M., Cavo, T. M., FitzGibbon, C., Aggundey, I. and Leakey, R. E. (1987a). East African cheetahs: evidencefor two population bottlenecks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 508-511.
Ponsuksili, S. (1995). Estimation of genetic variation within and between different chicken lines by DNA fingerprinting. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Humboldt, Germany.
Ponsuksili, S., Wimmers, K. and Horst, P. (1995) Genetic variation within difference lines of chickens: Comparative Microsatellite markers and Oligonucleotide DNA fingerprinting. Animal Genetic (in press).
Schaefer, R., Zischler, H. and Epplen, J. T. (1988). (CAC) 5, a very informative oligonucleotide probe for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res. 16: 5196.
Shiue, Y. L. Chang, H. L. Sung, Y. Y. and Tai, C. (1992). Studies on blood types of Taiwan native chicken. J.Chin. Soci. Anim. Sci. 21(4): 385-401.
Siegel, P. B., Haberfeld, A., Mukherjee, T. K., Stallard, L. C., Marks, H. L., Anthony, N. B. and Dunnington, E. A. (1992). Jungle fowl domestic fowl relationships-a use of DNA fingerprinting. World Poultry Science Journal 48: 147-155.
Siegel, P. B. , Haberfeld, A. , Mukherjee, T. K., Stallard, L. C., Marks, H. L., Anthony, N. B. and Dunnington, E. A. (1992). Jungle fowl domestic fowl relationships-a use of DNA fingerprinting. World Poultry Science Journal 48: 147-155.
Southern, E. (1975). Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol. 98: 503-517.
Summers, K. M. (1987). DNA polymorphisms in human population studies: a review. Annals of Human Biology 14(3): 203-217.
Upholt, W. B. and David, I. B. (1977). Mapping of mitochondrial DNA of individual sheep and goats: rapid evolution in the D-loop region. Cell II: 571-583.
Wakana, S., Watanabe, T., Hayashi, Y. and Tomita, T. (1986). A variant in the restriction endonuclease cleavage pattern of mitochondrial DNA in the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus. Anim. Genet. 17: 159-168.
Washburn, K. W. (1968). Inheritance of an abnormal hemoglobin in a randombred population of domestic fowl. Poult. Sci. 47: 561-564.
Washburn, K. W. (1979). Genetic variation in the composition of the chicken egg. Poult. Sci. 58: 329-335.
Watanabe, T., Hayashi, Y., Ogasawara, N. and Tomita, T. (1985). Polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA in the pigs based on restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns. Biochem. Genet. 23: 105- 113.
Baker, C. M. A.(1968). Molecular genetics of avian proteins- IX Interspecific and intraspecific variation of egg white proteins of the genus Gallus. Genetics 58: 221-226.
Bermingham, E., Forbes, S. H., Friedland, K. and Pla, C. (1991). Discrimination between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) of North American and European origin using restriction analyses of mitochondrial DNA. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 884-893.
Bowcock, A. M., Ruiz-Linares, A., Tomfohrde, J., Minch, E., Kidd, J. R. and Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1994). High resolution of human evolutionary trees with polymorphic microsatellites. Nature 368: 455-457.
Buchanan, F. C., Adams, L. J., Littlejohn, R. P., Maddox, J. F. and Crawford, A. M.(1994). Determination of evolutionary relationships among sheep breeds using microsatellites. Genomics 22(2): 397-403.
Bulfield, G. (1990). Molecular genetics. In Poultry Breeding and Genetics (ed. R. D. Crawford). Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
Dunnington, E. A., Stallard, L. C., Hillel, J. and Siegel, P. B. (1994). Genetic diversity among commercial chicken populations estimated from DNA fingerprints. Poultry Sci. 73: 1218-1225. Edwards A., Hammond, H. A., Jin, L., Caskey, T. and Chakraborty, R. (1992). Genetic variation at five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeat loci in four human population groups. Genomic 12: 241-253.
Epplen, J. T. (1988). On simple repeated GATA/GACA sequences: a critical reappraisal. J. Heredity 79: 409-417.
FAO (1981) Animal genetic resources conservation and management. Proceedings of the FAO/ UNEP Technical Consultation. FAO Animal Production and Health paper 24. FAO, Rome, 388 PP.
FAO (1992) The management of global animal genetic resources. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 108. FAO, Rome, 309 pp.
Franklin, I.R. (1981). Population size and the genetic improvement of animal. In Future Developments in the Genetic Improvement of Animals, Eds J. F. Barker, K. Hammond and A. E. McClintock, Academic Press Australia, Sydney. pp. 181-196.
Glaus, K. R. (1980). The structure, organization and evolution of avian mitochondrial DNA. Ph. D. Thesis, Ohio State University. USA.
Graves, J. E., Ferris, S. D. and Dizon, A.E. (1984). Close genetic similarity of Atlantic and Pacific skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) demon strated with restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Mar. Biol. 79: 315-319.
Groen, A. F. Crooijmans, R. P. M. A. Van Kampen, A. J. A. Van der Beek, S. Van der Poel, J. J. and Groenen, M. A. N. (1994). Microsatellite polymorphism in commercial broiler and layer lines. Proceedings of the 5th World congress on genetics applied to livestock production. Guelph, 7-12 August 1994. 21: 94-97.
Hashiguchi, T., Tsuneyoshi, M., Nishida, T., Higashiuwatoko, H. and Hiraoka, E. (1981). Phylogenetic relationships determined by the blood protein types of fowls. Japan. J. Zootech. Sci. 52(10): 713-729.
Hashiguchi, T., Yanagida, M., Maeda, Y. and Taketomi, M. (1970). Genetical studies on serum amylase isozyme in fowls. Japan. J. Genet. 45: 341-349.
Hayashi, J. I. Yonekawa, H., Gotoh, O., Tagashira, Y., Moriwaki, K. and Yoshida, T.H. (1979). Evolutionary aspects of variant types of rat mitochondrial DNAs.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 56 4: 202-211.
Hill, W.G. and Keightley, P.D. (1988). Interrelations of mutation, population size, artificial and natural selection. Proc. Second Internat. Conf. Quant. Genet. (eds B. S. Weir, E. J. Eisen, M.M. Goodman and G. Namkoong), Sinauer, Sunderland. pp. 57-70.
Jeffreys, A. J., Wilson, V. and Thein, S. L. (1985). Hypervariable ‘minisatellite’ regions in human DNA. Nature. 314: 67-73.
Ma J. G. and Lu X. Z. (1993). Studies on serum protein polymorphism and genetic relationships among black-bone fowls. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica. 24(1): 12-16.
O'Brien, S. J. , Roelke, M. E. , Marker, L., Newman, A. , Winkler, C. A. , Meltzer, D., Colly, L., Evermann, J. F., Bush, M. and Wildt, D. E. (1985). Genetic basis for species vulnerability in the cheetah. Science 227: 1428-1434.
O'Brien, S. J., Wildt, D.E., Bush, M., Cavo, T. M., FitzGibbon, C., Aggundey, I. and Leakey, R. E. (1987a). East African cheetahs: evidencefor two population bottlenecks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 508-511.
Ponsuksili, S. (1995). Estimation of genetic variation within and between different chicken lines by DNA fingerprinting. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Humboldt, Germany.
Ponsuksili, S., Wimmers, K. and Horst, P. (1995) Genetic variation within difference lines of chickens: Comparative Microsatellite markers and Oligonucleotide DNA fingerprinting. Animal Genetic (in press).
Schaefer, R., Zischler, H. and Epplen, J. T. (1988). (CAC) 5, a very informative oligonucleotide probe for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res. 16: 5196.
Shiue, Y. L. Chang, H. L. Sung, Y. Y. and Tai, C. (1992). Studies on blood types of Taiwan native chicken. J.Chin. Soci. Anim. Sci. 21(4): 385-401.
Siegel, P. B., Haberfeld, A., Mukherjee, T. K., Stallard, L. C., Marks, H. L., Anthony, N. B. and Dunnington, E. A. (1992). Jungle fowl domestic fowl relationships-a use of DNA fingerprinting. World Poultry Science Journal 48: 147-155.
Siegel, P. B. , Haberfeld, A. , Mukherjee, T. K., Stallard, L. C., Marks, H. L., Anthony, N. B. and Dunnington, E. A. (1992). Jungle fowl domestic fowl relationships-a use of DNA fingerprinting. World Poultry Science Journal 48: 147-155.
Southern, E. (1975). Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol. 98: 503-517.
Summers, K. M. (1987). DNA polymorphisms in human population studies: a review. Annals of Human Biology 14(3): 203-217.
Upholt, W. B. and David, I. B. (1977). Mapping of mitochondrial DNA of individual sheep and goats: rapid evolution in the D-loop region. Cell II: 571-583.
Wakana, S., Watanabe, T., Hayashi, Y. and Tomita, T. (1986). A variant in the restriction endonuclease cleavage pattern of mitochondrial DNA in the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus. Anim. Genet. 17: 159-168.
Washburn, K. W. (1968). Inheritance of an abnormal hemoglobin in a randombred population of domestic fowl. Poult. Sci. 47: 561-564.
Washburn, K. W. (1979). Genetic variation in the composition of the chicken egg. Poult. Sci. 58: 329-335.
Watanabe, T., Hayashi, Y., Ogasawara, N. and Tomita, T. (1985). Polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA in the pigs based on restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns. Biochem. Genet. 23: 105- 113.