TRENDS IN SHEEP PRODUCTION ON RANGES OF BALUCHISTAN
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ต.ค. 30, 2020
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Due to low and erratic rainfall, 93% of land area of Baluchistan in Pakistan, has been converted into rangeland with variable grazing potential. Low productivity of ranges during autumn, winter and early spring has led to a number of environmental, biological and socio-economic problems. During physiological stages of breeding, late gestation and early lactation, ewes have been observation to loose body weight at a variable rate of 20-30 gm / day. Malnutrition originated from low carrying capacity of rangelands, has led to poor fertility of 45-60%, 20-30% abortions during late preg-nancy, birth weight of 1.8-2.50 kg, 15-25% mortality and growth rate of 75-100 gm / day during preweaning, hence delayed puberty and reduced productive life span. Infestation and infections and subsequently reduced livestock production through morbidity and mortality. These hazards have exerted some limitations on socioeconomic conditions of pastoral society of the province. Share of livestock industry in gross-agricultural product (GAP) of the province has been declined from 40 to 25 percent, annually. Factors responsible for low productivity of livestock industry and subsequent changes in socio-economic conditions of pastoral society are discussed in details
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References
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Ajmal, M. (1982). Health problems of sheep in Pakistan. Proc. Int. Seminar on Sheep and Wool in Pakistan, held on 14-16 March, 1982, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Alexander, G. (1974). Birth weight of lambs: Influences and consequences. In Size and Birth: Elliot, K. and Knight, (Eds), pp.215-245. Amsterdon, Elseiever.
Akhtar, A.S. and Pervaiz, A. (1987). On-farm animal research relevant to mixed farm systems of Pakistan. An overview. Proc. Workshop on Livestock in Farming System Research, held on 8-15 April, 1987, Islamabad, Pakistan.
ARC. (1980). The nutrient requirements of ruminants Livestock. Farnham House Farnham Royal, Slough, SL-2, 3 BN, UK.
Barth, F. (1964). Capital investment and the social structure of a pastoral nomad group of south persia. In: Firth, R. and Yamey, B.S. (Eds), Capital, Saving and credit in Peasant Societies, Aldine, Chicago, II, pp. 69-81, USA.
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Dhal, G, and Hjort, (1976). Having herds. Pastoral herd growth and household economy. Department of Social Anthropology, University of Stockholm, Swedon.
Dalton, D.C, Knight, T.W. and Johnson, D.L. (1980). Lambs survival in sheep breeds on Newzealand hill country. New Zealand. J. Agric. Res. 23: 167-173.
Degen, A.A, Benjamin, R.W. and Eyal, E. (1987). A note on incresing lamb production of fat tailed Awassi and German Mutton Merino sheep grazing in semi-arid area. Anim. Prod. 44: 169-172.
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Fagir, M. (1988). Status of major livestock diseases in Baluchistan. Proc. Meeting of Counterpart Scientists on Livestock, under SAARC held on May 22-25, 1988, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Geenty, K.G, Clarke, J.N. and Wright, D.E. (1985). Lactation performance, growth and carcass composition of sheep 2-Relationship between ewe milk production, lamb water turnover and lamb growth in Romney, Dorset and Cross-bred sheep. New Zealand J. Agric. Res., 28: 249-255.
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GOP, (1986). Preliminary Report: Pakistan Census of Livestock Agricultural Census Organization, Statistic Division, Government of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan.
GOP, (1987). Economic Survey, Finance Division, Economic Advisor's wing Govern ment of Pakistan, Islamabad.
GOP, (1988). Economic Survey. Economic Advisor's Wing, Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Hasnain, H.U. (1985). Sheep and Goats in Pakistan. FAO Animal Production and Health paper No. Food Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
Kettle, P.R. and Pearce, D.M. (1974). Effect of the sheep body louse (Damalinia ovis) on host weight gain and fleece value. N.Z.J. Expt. Agric. 2: 219-221.
Khan, K.N.M .; Rehamn, A; Khan, B.R. and Munir, M. (1988). Incidence of internal parasites of sheep under the arid environmental conditions of upland Baluchis tan. Proc. Meeting of counterpart scientists on Livestock under SAARC, held on bo22-25 May, 1988, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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McCutcheon, S.N, Holmes, C.W, McDonald, M.F. and Rae, A.L. (1983) .Resistance to cold stress in the new born lamb. 1-Responses of Romney, Drysdale x Romney and Marino lambs to the components of the thermal environment. N.Z.J. Agric. Res. 26: 169-174.
Nasir, E. and Ali, S.I. (1979). Flora of West Pakistan. No.126 Convolvulaceae by Danial F. Austin, Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida, USA and Shahina Ghazanfer, Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Oddy, V.H. (1978). Milk production in ewes fed high grain diets. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 12: 144-145.
Prasad, S.P. (1982). Optimum season of breeding for sheep production in arid climate. Final Report, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, India.
Rafig, M: Sultani, M.I: Munir, M. and Arshid, A. (1989). Study of reproductive potential Baluchi ewes as influenced by flushing and supplementation (Unpublished data).
Rafig, M, Munir, M, Naqvi, M.A. and Mehmood, K. (1989). Sheep production under ranges of Pakistan. J. Small Rumi. Res. Vol.2 (In press).
Reid, R.L. (1968). Physiopathology of undernurishment in pregnant sheep with particular reference to pregnancy toxaemia. Adv. Vet. Sci. 12: 163-238.
Robinson, J.J. (1982). Pregnancy. In: Sheep and Goats, Vol. C.I. , (I.E. , Coop Ed), pp. 103-118, Amsterdam. Elsevier.
Sabrani, M. and Kinscheer, H.C. (1982). Sheep and goats in central Java: a profile working paper No.5 Res. Instt. Anim. Prod. Bogar, Indonesia. Saville, D.G. (1982). Feeding and management. Proc. Int. Seminar on sheep and wool in Pakistan, held on 14-16 March, 1982, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Siddiqui K.A. (1982). Marketing and grading of wool in Pakistan. Proc. First Int. Seminar on Sheep and wool in Pakistan, held on 14-16 March, 1982, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Singh, R. (1982). Socio-economic barrier to the expansion of goat production in Haryana. In Proc. 3rd. Int. Conf. on Goat Production and Diseases, held on 5-9 Jan. , Tucson, Arizona, pp. 553. Dairy Goat J. Publishing Co, Scottsdale, Arizone, USA.
Slee, J. (1978). The effect of breed, birth coat and bodyweight on the cold resistance of new born lambs. Amin. Aprod. 27: 43-49.
Swidler, W.W. (1972). Some demographic factors regulating the formation and camps among the Brahuis of Baluchistan. In W.G. Irons and N.Dyson. Hudson (Editors), Prospectives on Nomadism, Brill, pp. 69-75.
Thomson, E.F. , and Bahhady, F.A. (1988). A note on the effect of liveweight at mating on fertility of Awassi ewes in semi-arid North-West Syria. Anim. Prod. 47: 505-508.
Walkar, D.M. and Hunt, S.G. (1980). Effects of birth weight and energy gain, on preweaning survival of weaned lambs at 21 days. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 31: 981-989.
Younis, A.A; Elgaboory, I.A; El-Twail, E.A. and Shobokshy, A.S. (1978). Age at puberty and possibility of early breeding in Awassi ewes. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 90: 255-260.
Young, B.A. (1983). Ruminant cold stress: Effect on production. J. Anim. Sci. 57 (6): 1601-1607
Acharya, R.M. (1985). Small ruminant production in arid and semi-arid Asia. Proc. Expert Consultation on “Small Ruminant Production in the Developing Countries” held on 8-12 July, 1985, in Sofia, Bulgaria.
Ajmal, M. (1982). Health problems of sheep in Pakistan. Proc. Int. Seminar on Sheep and Wool in Pakistan, held on 14-16 March, 1982, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Alexander, G. (1974). Birth weight of lambs: Influences and consequences. In Size and Birth: Elliot, K. and Knight, (Eds), pp.215-245. Amsterdon, Elseiever.
Akhtar, A.S. and Pervaiz, A. (1987). On-farm animal research relevant to mixed farm systems of Pakistan. An overview. Proc. Workshop on Livestock in Farming System Research, held on 8-15 April, 1987, Islamabad, Pakistan.
ARC. (1980). The nutrient requirements of ruminants Livestock. Farnham House Farnham Royal, Slough, SL-2, 3 BN, UK.
Barth, F. (1964). Capital investment and the social structure of a pastoral nomad group of south persia. In: Firth, R. and Yamey, B.S. (Eds), Capital, Saving and credit in Peasant Societies, Aldine, Chicago, II, pp. 69-81, USA.
Birchard, M, Younis, A.A, Forrest, P.A. and Cumberland, P.H. (1974). Analysis of production records from a low land sheep flock.4. Factors influencing the incidence of successful pregnancy in young females. Anim. Prod. 19: 177-191.
Chaudhri, M.B, and Rafig, C.M. (1966).“ Soils of West Pakistan”. Proc. First west Pakistan Range-Management Conference, held in Lahore, Pakistan.
Dhal, G, and Hjort, (1976). Having herds. Pastoral herd growth and household economy. Department of Social Anthropology, University of Stockholm, Swedon.
Dalton, D.C, Knight, T.W. and Johnson, D.L. (1980). Lambs survival in sheep breeds on Newzealand hill country. New Zealand. J. Agric. Res. 23: 167-173.
Degen, A.A, Benjamin, R.W. and Eyal, E. (1987). A note on incresing lamb production of fat tailed Awassi and German Mutton Merino sheep grazing in semi-arid area. Anim. Prod. 44: 169-172.
FAO, (1983). Report of the Assistance to rangeland and livestock development survey in Baluchistan, TCP / Pakistan / 0107, FAO, Quetta, Pakistan.
FAO, (1987). Pakistan livestock research: Agricultural research II project report Annex 3. FAO, Islamabad, Pakistan, pp. 33.
Fagir, M. (1988). Status of major livestock diseases in Baluchistan. Proc. Meeting of Counterpart Scientists on Livestock, under SAARC held on May 22-25, 1988, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Geenty, K.G, Clarke, J.N. and Wright, D.E. (1985). Lactation performance, growth and carcass composition of sheep 2-Relationship between ewe milk production, lamb water turnover and lamb growth in Romney, Dorset and Cross-bred sheep. New Zealand J. Agric. Res., 28: 249-255.
GOP, (1976). Reconnaissance soil survey of Lasbella district. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Cooperatives. Soil Survey of Pakistan, Preliminary Edition, Lahore, Government of Pakistan
GOP, (1978). Reconnaissance soil survey of Quetta and Pishin districts. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Cooperatives. Soil Survey of Pakistan. Preliminary Edition Lahore, Goverment of Pakistan.
GOP, (1986). Preliminary Report: Pakistan Census of Livestock Agricultural Census Organization, Statistic Division, Government of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan.
GOP, (1987). Economic Survey, Finance Division, Economic Advisor's wing Govern ment of Pakistan, Islamabad.
GOP, (1988). Economic Survey. Economic Advisor's Wing, Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Hasnain, H.U. (1985). Sheep and Goats in Pakistan. FAO Animal Production and Health paper No. Food Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
Kettle, P.R. and Pearce, D.M. (1974). Effect of the sheep body louse (Damalinia ovis) on host weight gain and fleece value. N.Z.J. Expt. Agric. 2: 219-221.
Khan, K.N.M .; Rehamn, A; Khan, B.R. and Munir, M. (1988). Incidence of internal parasites of sheep under the arid environmental conditions of upland Baluchis tan. Proc. Meeting of counterpart scientists on Livestock under SAARC, held on bo22-25 May, 1988, Islamabad, Pakistan.
MAFF, (1975). In: Energy allowance and Feeding Systems for Ruminants. G.B. Minist. Agric. Fish. Food. Tech Bull. No.33 (H.M.S.O., London).
McDowell, R.E. (1976). World Animal Agricultural Situation. MUCIA Seminar No. 19. USA. In: Goat Production by C. Gall, 1981 Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics. Veterinary School, Hannover, Fed. REp. Germany.
McCutcheon, S.N, Holmes, C.W, McDonald, M.F. and Rae, A.L. (1983) .Resistance to cold stress in the new born lamb. 1-Responses of Romney, Drysdale x Romney and Marino lambs to the components of the thermal environment. N.Z.J. Agric. Res. 26: 169-174.
Nasir, E. and Ali, S.I. (1979). Flora of West Pakistan. No.126 Convolvulaceae by Danial F. Austin, Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida, USA and Shahina Ghazanfer, Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Oddy, V.H. (1978). Milk production in ewes fed high grain diets. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 12: 144-145.
Prasad, S.P. (1982). Optimum season of breeding for sheep production in arid climate. Final Report, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, India.
Rafig, M: Sultani, M.I: Munir, M. and Arshid, A. (1989). Study of reproductive potential Baluchi ewes as influenced by flushing and supplementation (Unpublished data).
Rafig, M, Munir, M, Naqvi, M.A. and Mehmood, K. (1989). Sheep production under ranges of Pakistan. J. Small Rumi. Res. Vol.2 (In press).
Reid, R.L. (1968). Physiopathology of undernurishment in pregnant sheep with particular reference to pregnancy toxaemia. Adv. Vet. Sci. 12: 163-238.
Robinson, J.J. (1982). Pregnancy. In: Sheep and Goats, Vol. C.I. , (I.E. , Coop Ed), pp. 103-118, Amsterdam. Elsevier.
Sabrani, M. and Kinscheer, H.C. (1982). Sheep and goats in central Java: a profile working paper No.5 Res. Instt. Anim. Prod. Bogar, Indonesia. Saville, D.G. (1982). Feeding and management. Proc. Int. Seminar on sheep and wool in Pakistan, held on 14-16 March, 1982, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Siddiqui K.A. (1982). Marketing and grading of wool in Pakistan. Proc. First Int. Seminar on Sheep and wool in Pakistan, held on 14-16 March, 1982, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Singh, R. (1982). Socio-economic barrier to the expansion of goat production in Haryana. In Proc. 3rd. Int. Conf. on Goat Production and Diseases, held on 5-9 Jan. , Tucson, Arizona, pp. 553. Dairy Goat J. Publishing Co, Scottsdale, Arizone, USA.
Slee, J. (1978). The effect of breed, birth coat and bodyweight on the cold resistance of new born lambs. Amin. Aprod. 27: 43-49.
Swidler, W.W. (1972). Some demographic factors regulating the formation and camps among the Brahuis of Baluchistan. In W.G. Irons and N.Dyson. Hudson (Editors), Prospectives on Nomadism, Brill, pp. 69-75.
Thomson, E.F. , and Bahhady, F.A. (1988). A note on the effect of liveweight at mating on fertility of Awassi ewes in semi-arid North-West Syria. Anim. Prod. 47: 505-508.
Walkar, D.M. and Hunt, S.G. (1980). Effects of birth weight and energy gain, on preweaning survival of weaned lambs at 21 days. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 31: 981-989.
Younis, A.A; Elgaboory, I.A; El-Twail, E.A. and Shobokshy, A.S. (1978). Age at puberty and possibility of early breeding in Awassi ewes. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 90: 255-260.
Young, B.A. (1983). Ruminant cold stress: Effect on production. J. Anim. Sci. 57 (6): 1601-1607