AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY: Towards the Operational Definitions?
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This paper paper reveals the ex the existing definitions and the extension of concepts of sustainability. Despite the ambiguities of the term, the concepts of sustainability will remain useful for agricultural research and development. In practical terms, the longterm properties of agroecosystems; the internal sustainability and resilience, should be treated separately.Combining these two properties may lead to several difficulties in assessing agroecosystem performance. Various measurements may be easily found in the ecological studies but little attempts have been made in agroecosystem studies. The extension of sustainability concepts to social context of agroecosystems is found to be severely limited in the literature. Their contributions will be crucial for the future concerns of agricultural sustainability.
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References
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Allen, T.E.H. and Starr, T.B. (1982). Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Altieri, M.A. (1983). Agroecology: the scientefic basis of alternative agriculture. Berkley: UCB.
Altieri, M.A., Letourneau, D.K. and Davies, J.R. (1983). Developing sustainable agroecosystems. BioScience 33: 45-49.
ASA (1989). Decision reached on sustainable ag. Agron. News (January 1989): 15.
Berry, W. (1984). The agricultural crisis as a crisis of community. In: G.K. Douglass (ed) Agricultural sustainability in a changing world order. Pp. 140-158. Colorado: Westview Press.
BIFAD/AID (1988). Environment and natural resources: strategies for sustainable agriculture. A task force report of the Board for International Development, Washington, D.C.
Brookhaven symposium in Biology (1969). Diversity and stability in ecological systems. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Department of Biology. New York.
Brown Jr., G.E. (1984). Stewardship in agriculture, Pp.147-158 In: G.K. Douglass (ed) Agricultural sustainability in a changing world order. Colorado: Westview.
Brown, B.J., Hanson, M.E., Liverman, D.M. and Merideth Jr., R.W. (1987). Global sustainability: toward definition. Environ. Manage. 11: 713-719.
Bormann, F.H. and Likens, G.E. (1981). Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem. New York: Springer-Verlag. 253 pp.
Cairns Jr,J. (1980). The recovery process in damaged ecosystems. Michigan: Ann Arber Science. 167 pp.
Charoenwatana, T. and Rambo, A.T. (1988). Sustainable rural development in asia. Proceedings of the 4th SUAN regional symposium on Agroecosystem Research. Khon Kaen, Thailand.
Cernea, M.M. (1987). Farmer organisations and institutional building for sustainable development. Regional Development Dialogue 8: 1-24.
Clark, W.C. and Munn. R.E. (1986). Sustainable development of the biosphere Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clawson, M. and Sedjo, R. (1984). History of sustained-yield concept and its application to developing countries. In: K.H. Steen (ed) History of Sustained-Yield Forestry: A Symposium. Pp.3-15. FSH/IUFRO.
Cleveland, H. (1981). The management of sustainable growth. Pergamon Press. 395 pp.
CMU/CUSRI (1983). Agricultural development project in lower northern Thailand. Report submitted to the National Economic and Social Development Borad (NESDB). Chiangmai University and Chulalongkorn University Social Research Institute. May 1983.
Conway, G.R. (1982). Applying ecology. Inaugural lecture 7. December 1982. London: ICCET.
Conway, G.R. (1985). Agricultural ecology and farming systems research. In: J. Remenyi (ed) Agricultural Systems Research for the Third World Agriculture. Canaberra: ACIAR.
Conway, G.R. (1986). Agroecosystem research and development. Bangkok: Winrock International. 111 pp.
Conway, G.R. (1987a). The properties of agroecosystems. Agric. Syst. 24: 95-117
Conway, G.R. (1987b). Sustainable agroecosystem development for Thailand. A report prepared for the United States Agency for International Development, Bangkok. Washington, London and Buenos: International Institute for Enveronment and Development IIED). 88 pp.
Conway, G.R., Alam, Z., Husain, T. and Mian, M.A. (1985). An agroecosystem analysis for the northern areas of Pakistan. Gilgit, Pakistan, Aga Khan Rural Support Programme.
Craig, I.A., Gypmantasiri, P., Rerkasem, K., Rerkasem, B., Jaisa-ard, R., Ganjanapan,L. and Thani, P. (1980). Multiple cropping in the Chiangmai valley: the complex relationships between components in the multiple cropping system. Multiple ropping Project, Chiangmai Uniersity. Thailand.
Crosson,P.R. (1986). Sustainable food production: interactions among natural resources, technology and institutions. Food Policy (May 1986): 143-152.
Davies, T.J. and Schirmer, I.A. (1987). Sustainable issues in agricultural development. Proceedings of the 7 th Agricultural Sector Symposium. The World Bank. Washington, D.C.
Dixon, J.A. and Fallon, L.A. (1988). The concepts of sustainability: origins, extensions, and usefulness for policy. In: EAPI/RSI-EWC week: Resource/Environment - perspectives on critical issues. 27-29 September 1988, East-West Center, Honolulu.
van Dobben, W.H. and Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1985). Unifying concepts in ecology. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk Publishers. 302 pp.
Douglass, G.K. (1984). Agricultural sustainability in a changing world order. Colorado:Westview.
Fujisaka, S. (1985). Agroecosystems co-evolution and sustainability in five pioneer upland shifting cultivation communities in the Philippines. EAPI/EWC Draft Paper. 45 pp.
Gliessman, S.R. (1984). Resource management in traditional tropical agroecosystems in southeast Mexico. In: G.K. Douglass (ed) Agricultural sustainability in a changing World order. Pp. 191-201. Colorado: Westview press.
Grandstaff, T.B.(1988). Environment and economic diversity in Northeast Thailand. In: T. Charoenwatana and A.T. Rambo (eds) Sustainable Rural Development in Asia. Pp 11-22. Proc. SUAN-4 regional symposium on agroecosystem research. Khon Kaen: Farming Systems Research Project and Southeast Asian Universities Agroecosystem Network.
Holling, C.S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4:1-23
Holling, C.S. (1978). Adaptive environmental assessment and management. New York: Willey International.
Idachaba, F.S. (1987) Sustainability issues in agricultural development. Pp.18-51. In: T.J. Davies and I.S. Schirmer (eds) Sustainable issues in agricultural development. Proc. 7 th Agricultural Sector Symposium. Washington: The World Bank.
Janzen, D.H. (1970). The unexploited tropics. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 51 : 4-7.
Janzen, D.H. (1972). The uncertain future of the tropics. Nat. His. 8: 80-89.
Janzen, D.H. (1973). Tropical agroecosystems. Science 182: 1212-1219.
KEPAS (1984). The sustainability of agricultural intensification in Indonesia. Jakarta,
Kilompok Penelitian Agor-ekosistem, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (AARD). Pp.1-115.
KEPAS (1985a). The critical uplands of Eastern Java: an ago-ecosystems analysis. Jakarta, Kelompok Penelitian Agro-ekosistem, Agency for Agricultural Reserach and Development (AARD). Pp.1-213.
KEPAS (1985b). Tidal swamp agro-ecosystems of Southern Kalimantan. Jakarta, Kelompok Penelitian Agro-ekosistem, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (AARD). Pp. 1-146.
KEPAS (1986). Agro-ekosistem daeraj kering di Nusa Tengara Timur: studi kasus enam desa pengambangan pertanian. Kelompok Penelitian Agro-ekosistem, Badan Litbang Pertanian.
KEPAS (1988). Pendekatan agroekosistem pala pola pertanian la penelitian di empat zone agroekosistem Jawa Timuor. Kelompok Penelitian Agroekosistem, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (AARD).
Loomis, R.H. (1984). Traditional agriculture in America. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15:449-478.
Lowrance, R, Hendris, P.F.and Odum, E.P.(1987) A hierachical approach to sustainable agriculture. Amer, J. Alter. Agric. 1: 169-173.
Madden, P. (1987). Can sustainable agriculture be profitable? Environment 29: 19-34.
Marten, G.G. (1986). Productivity, efficiency, stability and sustainability as properties for agroecosystem assessment. Paper presented to the SUAN/EAPI workshop on Agroecosystem Analysis. 6-10 January 1986. Khon Kaen, Thailand.
Marten, G.G. (1988). Productivity, stability. sustainability, equitability and autonomy as properties for agroecosystem assessment. Agric. Syst. 26: 291-316.
MCP (1980). An interdesciplinary perspective of cropping systems in the Chiangmai valley: Key questions for research. Multiple Cropping Project, Chiangmai University, Thailand.
Munn, R.E. (1988). Towards sustainable development: an environmental perspective. Paper presented at the International Conference on Environment and Development. 24-26 March 1988. Milano, Italy.
Nye, P.H. and Greenland, D.J. (1960). The soil under shifting cultivation. Tech. Comm. 51, Commonewalth Bureau of Soils. Harpenden. 156 pp.
O'Niell, R.V., DeAngelis, D.L., Waide, J.B. and Allen, T.F.H. (1986). A hierarchical concept of ecosystems. Monographs in Popolation Biology 23. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Orians, G.H. (1975). Diversity, stability and maturity in natural ecosystems. In: W.H. van Dobben and R.H. Lowe-McConnell (eds) Unifying concepts in Ecology. Pp. 139-150. The Hague: Junk.
PESAM/BRBDP (1986). The agroecosystems of Buhi: problems and opportunities. Proceedings of the Buhi Agroecosystems Analysis Workshop. Program on Environmental Science and Management, UPLB and the Bicol River Basin Development Program. 14 - 18 November 1985, Naga city, Philippines. 279 pp.
Rambo, A.T. and Sajise, P.E. (1984). An introduction to human ecology research on agricultural systems in southeast asia. Los Banos : UPLB.
Repetto, R. (1987). Managing natural resources for sustainability. Pp.167-179. In: T.J. Davies and I.A. Schirmer (eds) Sustainability issues in agricultural development. Proc. 7 th Agriculture Sector Symposium. Washignton: The World Bank.
Rerkasem, K. (1980). The rice systems. Paper prepared for the regional workshop on Interdisciplinary Analysis of Resource Ecosystems. 9-13 December 1980. Multiple Cropping Project, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Rerkasem, B. and Rekasem K. (19984). The agroecological niche and farmer selection of rice varieties in the Chiangmai valley, Thailand. In: A.T. Rambo and P.E. Sajise (eds) An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural Systems in Southeast Asia. Pp.303-311. Los Banos: UPLB, Philippines.
Rerkasem, K. and Rambo, A.T. (1988). Agroecosystem research for rural development. proceedings of the 3rd SUAN regional symposium on Agroecosystem Research. Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Trenbath, B.R. (1982). A framework for the study of the dynamics of agricultural systems. In: G. Golubev and I. Shvytov (eds) Modeling agricultural environmental Processes in crop production. p.227-254. Proceedings of a 2-4 June 1980 Task Force Meeting. Laxemburg: II ASA.
Walters, C. (1986). Adaptive mangement of renewable resources. London: MacMillan. 374 pp.
WCED (1987) Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 383 pp.
Westman, W.E. (1978). Measuring the inertia and resilience of ecosystems. BioScience 28: 705-710.
Wiebecke, C. and Peter, W.(1984). Aspects of sustained-yield history: forest sustention as the principle of forestry -- Idea and reality. In: H.K. Steen (ed) History of Sustained-Yield Forestry: A symposium. Pp. 176-182. FHS/IUFRO.
Allen, T.E.H. and Starr, T.B. (1982). Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Altieri, M.A. (1983). Agroecology: the scientefic basis of alternative agriculture. Berkley: UCB.
Altieri, M.A., Letourneau, D.K. and Davies, J.R. (1983). Developing sustainable agroecosystems. BioScience 33: 45-49.
ASA (1989). Decision reached on sustainable ag. Agron. News (January 1989): 15.
Berry, W. (1984). The agricultural crisis as a crisis of community. In: G.K. Douglass (ed) Agricultural sustainability in a changing world order. Pp. 140-158. Colorado: Westview Press.
BIFAD/AID (1988). Environment and natural resources: strategies for sustainable agriculture. A task force report of the Board for International Development, Washington, D.C.
Brookhaven symposium in Biology (1969). Diversity and stability in ecological systems. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Department of Biology. New York.
Brown Jr., G.E. (1984). Stewardship in agriculture, Pp.147-158 In: G.K. Douglass (ed) Agricultural sustainability in a changing world order. Colorado: Westview.
Brown, B.J., Hanson, M.E., Liverman, D.M. and Merideth Jr., R.W. (1987). Global sustainability: toward definition. Environ. Manage. 11: 713-719.
Bormann, F.H. and Likens, G.E. (1981). Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem. New York: Springer-Verlag. 253 pp.
Cairns Jr,J. (1980). The recovery process in damaged ecosystems. Michigan: Ann Arber Science. 167 pp.
Charoenwatana, T. and Rambo, A.T. (1988). Sustainable rural development in asia. Proceedings of the 4th SUAN regional symposium on Agroecosystem Research. Khon Kaen, Thailand.
Cernea, M.M. (1987). Farmer organisations and institutional building for sustainable development. Regional Development Dialogue 8: 1-24.
Clark, W.C. and Munn. R.E. (1986). Sustainable development of the biosphere Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clawson, M. and Sedjo, R. (1984). History of sustained-yield concept and its application to developing countries. In: K.H. Steen (ed) History of Sustained-Yield Forestry: A Symposium. Pp.3-15. FSH/IUFRO.
Cleveland, H. (1981). The management of sustainable growth. Pergamon Press. 395 pp.
CMU/CUSRI (1983). Agricultural development project in lower northern Thailand. Report submitted to the National Economic and Social Development Borad (NESDB). Chiangmai University and Chulalongkorn University Social Research Institute. May 1983.
Conway, G.R. (1982). Applying ecology. Inaugural lecture 7. December 1982. London: ICCET.
Conway, G.R. (1985). Agricultural ecology and farming systems research. In: J. Remenyi (ed) Agricultural Systems Research for the Third World Agriculture. Canaberra: ACIAR.
Conway, G.R. (1986). Agroecosystem research and development. Bangkok: Winrock International. 111 pp.
Conway, G.R. (1987a). The properties of agroecosystems. Agric. Syst. 24: 95-117
Conway, G.R. (1987b). Sustainable agroecosystem development for Thailand. A report prepared for the United States Agency for International Development, Bangkok. Washington, London and Buenos: International Institute for Enveronment and Development IIED). 88 pp.
Conway, G.R., Alam, Z., Husain, T. and Mian, M.A. (1985). An agroecosystem analysis for the northern areas of Pakistan. Gilgit, Pakistan, Aga Khan Rural Support Programme.
Craig, I.A., Gypmantasiri, P., Rerkasem, K., Rerkasem, B., Jaisa-ard, R., Ganjanapan,L. and Thani, P. (1980). Multiple cropping in the Chiangmai valley: the complex relationships between components in the multiple cropping system. Multiple ropping Project, Chiangmai Uniersity. Thailand.
Crosson,P.R. (1986). Sustainable food production: interactions among natural resources, technology and institutions. Food Policy (May 1986): 143-152.
Davies, T.J. and Schirmer, I.A. (1987). Sustainable issues in agricultural development. Proceedings of the 7 th Agricultural Sector Symposium. The World Bank. Washington, D.C.
Dixon, J.A. and Fallon, L.A. (1988). The concepts of sustainability: origins, extensions, and usefulness for policy. In: EAPI/RSI-EWC week: Resource/Environment - perspectives on critical issues. 27-29 September 1988, East-West Center, Honolulu.
van Dobben, W.H. and Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1985). Unifying concepts in ecology. The Hague: Dr. W. Junk Publishers. 302 pp.
Douglass, G.K. (1984). Agricultural sustainability in a changing world order. Colorado:Westview.
Fujisaka, S. (1985). Agroecosystems co-evolution and sustainability in five pioneer upland shifting cultivation communities in the Philippines. EAPI/EWC Draft Paper. 45 pp.
Gliessman, S.R. (1984). Resource management in traditional tropical agroecosystems in southeast Mexico. In: G.K. Douglass (ed) Agricultural sustainability in a changing World order. Pp. 191-201. Colorado: Westview press.
Grandstaff, T.B.(1988). Environment and economic diversity in Northeast Thailand. In: T. Charoenwatana and A.T. Rambo (eds) Sustainable Rural Development in Asia. Pp 11-22. Proc. SUAN-4 regional symposium on agroecosystem research. Khon Kaen: Farming Systems Research Project and Southeast Asian Universities Agroecosystem Network.
Holling, C.S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4:1-23
Holling, C.S. (1978). Adaptive environmental assessment and management. New York: Willey International.
Idachaba, F.S. (1987) Sustainability issues in agricultural development. Pp.18-51. In: T.J. Davies and I.S. Schirmer (eds) Sustainable issues in agricultural development. Proc. 7 th Agricultural Sector Symposium. Washington: The World Bank.
Janzen, D.H. (1970). The unexploited tropics. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer. 51 : 4-7.
Janzen, D.H. (1972). The uncertain future of the tropics. Nat. His. 8: 80-89.
Janzen, D.H. (1973). Tropical agroecosystems. Science 182: 1212-1219.
KEPAS (1984). The sustainability of agricultural intensification in Indonesia. Jakarta,
Kilompok Penelitian Agor-ekosistem, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (AARD). Pp.1-115.
KEPAS (1985a). The critical uplands of Eastern Java: an ago-ecosystems analysis. Jakarta, Kelompok Penelitian Agro-ekosistem, Agency for Agricultural Reserach and Development (AARD). Pp.1-213.
KEPAS (1985b). Tidal swamp agro-ecosystems of Southern Kalimantan. Jakarta, Kelompok Penelitian Agro-ekosistem, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (AARD). Pp. 1-146.
KEPAS (1986). Agro-ekosistem daeraj kering di Nusa Tengara Timur: studi kasus enam desa pengambangan pertanian. Kelompok Penelitian Agro-ekosistem, Badan Litbang Pertanian.
KEPAS (1988). Pendekatan agroekosistem pala pola pertanian la penelitian di empat zone agroekosistem Jawa Timuor. Kelompok Penelitian Agroekosistem, Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (AARD).
Loomis, R.H. (1984). Traditional agriculture in America. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15:449-478.
Lowrance, R, Hendris, P.F.and Odum, E.P.(1987) A hierachical approach to sustainable agriculture. Amer, J. Alter. Agric. 1: 169-173.
Madden, P. (1987). Can sustainable agriculture be profitable? Environment 29: 19-34.
Marten, G.G. (1986). Productivity, efficiency, stability and sustainability as properties for agroecosystem assessment. Paper presented to the SUAN/EAPI workshop on Agroecosystem Analysis. 6-10 January 1986. Khon Kaen, Thailand.
Marten, G.G. (1988). Productivity, stability. sustainability, equitability and autonomy as properties for agroecosystem assessment. Agric. Syst. 26: 291-316.
MCP (1980). An interdesciplinary perspective of cropping systems in the Chiangmai valley: Key questions for research. Multiple Cropping Project, Chiangmai University, Thailand.
Munn, R.E. (1988). Towards sustainable development: an environmental perspective. Paper presented at the International Conference on Environment and Development. 24-26 March 1988. Milano, Italy.
Nye, P.H. and Greenland, D.J. (1960). The soil under shifting cultivation. Tech. Comm. 51, Commonewalth Bureau of Soils. Harpenden. 156 pp.
O'Niell, R.V., DeAngelis, D.L., Waide, J.B. and Allen, T.F.H. (1986). A hierarchical concept of ecosystems. Monographs in Popolation Biology 23. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Orians, G.H. (1975). Diversity, stability and maturity in natural ecosystems. In: W.H. van Dobben and R.H. Lowe-McConnell (eds) Unifying concepts in Ecology. Pp. 139-150. The Hague: Junk.
PESAM/BRBDP (1986). The agroecosystems of Buhi: problems and opportunities. Proceedings of the Buhi Agroecosystems Analysis Workshop. Program on Environmental Science and Management, UPLB and the Bicol River Basin Development Program. 14 - 18 November 1985, Naga city, Philippines. 279 pp.
Rambo, A.T. and Sajise, P.E. (1984). An introduction to human ecology research on agricultural systems in southeast asia. Los Banos : UPLB.
Repetto, R. (1987). Managing natural resources for sustainability. Pp.167-179. In: T.J. Davies and I.A. Schirmer (eds) Sustainability issues in agricultural development. Proc. 7 th Agriculture Sector Symposium. Washignton: The World Bank.
Rerkasem, K. (1980). The rice systems. Paper prepared for the regional workshop on Interdisciplinary Analysis of Resource Ecosystems. 9-13 December 1980. Multiple Cropping Project, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Rerkasem, B. and Rekasem K. (19984). The agroecological niche and farmer selection of rice varieties in the Chiangmai valley, Thailand. In: A.T. Rambo and P.E. Sajise (eds) An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural Systems in Southeast Asia. Pp.303-311. Los Banos: UPLB, Philippines.
Rerkasem, K. and Rambo, A.T. (1988). Agroecosystem research for rural development. proceedings of the 3rd SUAN regional symposium on Agroecosystem Research. Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Trenbath, B.R. (1982). A framework for the study of the dynamics of agricultural systems. In: G. Golubev and I. Shvytov (eds) Modeling agricultural environmental Processes in crop production. p.227-254. Proceedings of a 2-4 June 1980 Task Force Meeting. Laxemburg: II ASA.
Walters, C. (1986). Adaptive mangement of renewable resources. London: MacMillan. 374 pp.
WCED (1987) Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 383 pp.
Westman, W.E. (1978). Measuring the inertia and resilience of ecosystems. BioScience 28: 705-710.
Wiebecke, C. and Peter, W.(1984). Aspects of sustained-yield history: forest sustention as the principle of forestry -- Idea and reality. In: H.K. Steen (ed) History of Sustained-Yield Forestry: A symposium. Pp. 176-182. FHS/IUFRO.