Smallholder Para-rubber Farmer’s Household Livelihoods in Three Southern Border Provinces
Keywords:
livelihood, smallholder para-rubber farmer, southern border provinceAbstract
This research aimed to study smallholder para-rubber farmer’s household livelihoods in the three southern border provinces, i.e., Yala, Narathiwat, and Pattani province. Primary data were collected using structured interviews, non-participant observations and natural conversations with a total sample of 313 smallholder para-rubber farmers, using the purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics, i.e., percentage and average, and manifest content analysis were employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed the trend most affecting the smallholder para-rubber farmers’ household livelihoods was the change in natural resources and environment. Their household livelihood assets were overall at a moderate level. More than half of the smallholder para-rubber farmer households gained the supports from the related government agencies. The key livelihood strategy of the smallholder para-rubber farmer households was social adaptation. The smallholder para-rubber farmers’ household livelihood outcomes were overall at a moderate level. The findings of this research will provide valuable information to policymakers as they formulate appropriate policies, e.g., encourage diversification of agricultural production activities, make occupational choices in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, and promote knowledge in the appropriate issues.
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